动态增量位移正算反演分析及其在隧道工程中的应用

为了优化隧道围岩物理力学参数的反演方法并提高运算速度,文章提出了隧道工程动态增量位移正算反演分析法,并将该方法应用于青岛胶州湾海底隧道工程;建立了弹塑性动态增量位移反演预测模型,改进了传统的弹塑性正演优化反分析方法,衍生了作简化分析的基于施工过程的线弹性动态增量位移反演正算反分析方法;对青岛胶州湾海底隧道三个施工段计算位移和实测位移进行了比较。研究结果表明,动态增量位移反演正算反分析方法可反映动态施工过程中任意施工阶段间的增量量测信息,为变形控制技术的实施提供有力的保证;与传统的弹塑性正演优化反分析方法相比,可以提高效率,保证计算精度。     

基于位移-应力多元信息的公路隧道智能反分析研究

考虑到位移反演单一控制条件的局限性,文章提出基于位移-应力的多元信息联合智能反分析方法。该方法基于差异进化算法(DE算法)的控制变量少、收敛速度快、适应性强等诸多优点,将自动化采集系统与三维数值模拟相结合,对隧道施_T过程进行实时监测、反馈、分析。文章以抚松隧道工程为例,首先根据抚松隧道的地质和施工设计特点,在ZK276+354断面处布设传感器,采集施工过程中的测点位移、应力等数据;然后建立复杂三维精细化数值模型,设计25组正交方案进行正算,通过极差分析和拟合方法建立围岩各参数与位移值、应力值之间的映射关系回归模型;联合传感器监测数据和常规监测数据进行位移-应力反分析,搜索获得准确的围岩力学参数。结果表明该联合反演方法可以为隧道施工安全提供重要参考。     

基于监测结果的快速反馈分析在上海虹源盛世工程中的应用

针对虹源盛世超大深基坑工程复杂多样的围护结构、各向异性非均质软土地层、复杂施工工况及卸载形式等综合条件下,土体等效参数位移反分析难题,采用FEM与Nelder-Mead优化反演相结合方法,在扰动位移监测数据的基础上,通过目标参数和误差控制函数条件下的优化迭代拟合,快速反演获得工程区域土体等效弹性参数并将反演结果用于基坑后续工序的扰动位移及稳定性预测计算。结果表明,该方法可以有效避免FEM反问题计算的复杂性和收敛的不确定性,获得更加符合工程场地实际的等效力学参数,提高后续工程扰动位移场及技术风险预测的准确性和可靠性。     

近溶腔高压水工隧洞围岩应力位移弹性解

考虑开挖及渗流影响的水工隧洞围岩稳定是一个重要课题,而近溶腔高压水工隧洞围岩应力位移研究是该课题的难点。据此,文章基于弹性假设理论,引入反溶腔作用系数,采用复势理论求解近溶腔水工隧洞开挖问题,获得围岩应力及位移解析表达式。将水工隧洞内水外渗的各影响因素简化为轴对称情况,并将渗流场以渗透体积力方式作用于应力场,采用平面应变理论求得正常运行期的过水公式,最后通过叠加原理求得弹性解。在满足挪威准则条件下,对比内水外渗前后的计算结果,依次探讨反溶腔作用系数、岩石孔隙水压力及埋深等的影响规律。分析结果表明:初次充水对围岩稳定起决定作用;反溶腔作用系数及埋深增大有助于围岩稳定;在岩石孔隙水压力影响下,溶腔一侧环向应力场出现大小值交换现象,而径向应力场并不出现该现象;近溶腔水工隧洞围岩偏压效应随着反溶腔作用系数的增大而弱化。     

基于遗传算法的地下洞室围岩力学参数反分析

围岩是地下洞室的主要承载结构,设计分析时采用的围岩力学参数是否合理直接影响计算结果的可靠性。文章结合某水电站引水隧洞工程,根据围岩监测数据,基于遗传算法,对ABAQUS商业软件进行二次开发,编写了遗传算法程序,对地下洞室围岩力学参数进行反分析,利用反分析得到的参数与工程设计采用的参数进行对比,分析讨论设计采用参数的合理性。结果表明,围岩参数反演值大于设计值,利用反演得到的参数进行计算,位移值小于初始参数的计算值,说明设计采用的参数取值偏安全。类似洞段的分析结果表明,文章采用的方法在类似工程的参数分析中具有很好的适用性。     

基于IAF-SVM的隧道位移反分析研究

在隧道位移反分析方面,文章针对BP神经网络易过度训练样本及小样本精度较低的缺陷,利用支持向量机(SVM)良好的泛化能力,提出了一种基于支持向量机进行隧道工程的弹塑性位移反分析方法。同时考虑支持向量机的性能很大程度依赖于参数的选择,运用改进的人工鱼群(IAF)高效的全局搜索能力,寻找最优的SVM参数,以此避免SVM在参数选择上的随机性。利用FLAC3D软件进行某隧道工程正分析计算,依据若干测点的位移计算结果,运用该方法进行弹塑性位移反演。结果表明,在小样本空间里,该方法的收敛速度和反演精度均优于BP神经网络。     

近距离平行隧道开挖的三维有限元数值分析

利用3D-σ有限元程序对近距离平行隧道的三种典型开挖方式进行了三维数值模拟;分析了在三种不同开挖方式下地面沉降槽形状及发展、土体和隧道的位移特征、岩体横向位移、衬砌内部应力;同时对相向同步开挖的各施工步进行了位移分析。数值分析结果表明,近距离平行隧道采用相向同步开挖对岩层扰动相对较小、地表及隧道位移量较低、衬砌时的应力较小。相向同步开挖与同向开挖时地表沉降槽的形状明显不同。     

富水地层盾构管廊工程岩土体参数反演与掌子面稳定性分析

文章以沈阳富水地层盾构管廊工程为研究背景,对土压平衡盾构开挖引起的地表竖向位移和水平位移进行监测,并分析位移的变化规律.以现场测量得到的位移监测值为基础,基于粒子群优化的BP神经网络算法建立PSO-BP参数反演分析方法,利用Fortran语言编制位移反分析程序,并采用正交设计和ABAQUS数值计算进行参数反演.考虑静止...     

岩土介质中圆形隧洞围岩压力理论分析进展

无限岩土介质中静水压力作用下圆形隧洞围岩的应力位移分析是地下工程的一个经典问题.文章以材料模型为主线,结合不同的屈服准则和塑性流动法则,对近年来求解该问题解析解或闭合解的文献和取得的成果进行了系统的归纳总结和评述;重点介绍了常见的弹性-理想塑性模型、弹-脆-塑性模型和弹性-应变软化模型及其结合Mohr-Coulomb准则和Hoek-Brown准则得到的主要分析结果;同时介绍了弹-塑-脆-塑性模型、黏弹性模型等材料模型的最新研究进展.     

圆形地下连续墙水平位移影响因素的敏感性分析

设计作为支护结构的圆形地下连续墙需要对基坑开挖过程中的墙体水平位移作出有效的估算。文章为探究影响墙体水平位移的控制性参数,结合平南三桥北岸拱座基础的圆形地下连续墙工程背景,采用考虑环向效应及施工过程的弹性地基梁法,建立结构有限元模型,以结构几何条件作为分析参数进行敏感性分析。结果表明:地下连续墙墙厚和外径是影响墙身水平位移的主要因素。研究结果可为圆形地下连续墙设计、优化提供参考。     

A maximum entropy-least squares estimator for elastic origin-destination trip matrix estimation

In transportation subnetwork-supernetwork analysis, it is well known that the origin-destination (O-D) flow table of a subnetwork is not only determined by trip generation and distribution, but also a result from traffic routing and diversion, due to the existence of internal-external, external-internal and external-external flows. This result indicates the variable nature of subnetwork O-D flows. This paper discusses an elastic O-D flow table estimation problem for subnetwork analysis. The underlying assumption is that each cell of the subnetwork O-D flow table contains an elastic demand function rather than a fixed demand rate and the demand function can capture all traffic diversion effect under various network changes. We propose a combined maximum entropy-least squares estimator, by which O-D flows are distributed over the subnetwork in terms of the maximum entropy principle, while demand function parameters are estimated for achieving the least sum of squared estimation errors. While the estimator is powered by the classic convex combination algorithm, computational difficulties emerge within the algorithm implementation until we incorporate partial optimality conditions and a column generation procedure into the algorithmic framework. Numerical results from applying the combined estimator to a couple of subnetwork examples show that an elastic O-D flow table, when used as input for subnetwork flow evaluations, reflects network flow changes significantly better than its fixed counterpart.     

基于层次分析的可拓学理论围岩大变形预测方法及应用

围岩大变形是地下工程建设中地质灾害的一种,为探讨准确而快速地预测围岩大变形,文章将层次分析法和可拓学理论方法与围岩大变形预测相结合,建立了基于层次分析的可拓学理论围岩大变形预测方法。该方法是在物元理论、可拓集合论和关联函数运算的基础上,通过选取能够反映和体现围岩大变形的几项重要参数指标(本文选取岩石单轴抗压强度、主应力值、强度应力比、弹性模量四项指标),建立围岩大变形预测的物元模型,结合层次分析法来确定各因素的权重值,通过实际围岩大变形等级的关联度计算,最终确定围岩大变形等级;并与模糊层次分析法取得的围岩大变形结果进行对比分析。该方法能够运用一定的基础数据对围岩大变形作出预判,对工程建设可起到一定的指导作用。     

Planning hierarchical urban transit systems for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions

Public transit systems with high occupancy can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relative to low-occupancy transportation modes, but current transit systems have not been designed to reduce environmental impacts. This motivates the study of the benefits of design and operational approaches for reducing the environmental impacts of transit systems. For example, transit agencies may replace level-of-service (LOS) by vehicle miles traveled (VMT) as a criterion in evaluating design and operational changes. In previous work, we explored the unintended consequences of lowering transit LOS on emissions in a single-technology transit system. Herein, we extend the analysis to account for a more realistic case: a transit system with a hierarchical structure (trunk and feeder lines) providing service to a city where demand is elastic. By considering the interactions between the trunk and the feeder systems, we provide a quantitative basis for designing and operating integrated urban transit systems that can reduce GHG emissions and societal costs. We find that highly elastic transit demand may cancel emission reduction potentials resulting from lowering LOS, due to demand shifts to lower occupancy vehicles. However, for mass transit modes, these potentials are still significant. Transit networks with buses, bus rapid transit or light rail as trunk modes should be designed and operated near the cost-optimal point when the demand is highly elastic, while this is not required for metro. We find that the potential for unintended consequences increases with the size of the city. Our results are robust to uncertainties in the costs and emissions parameters.     

Visco‐elastic traffic flow model

To increase our understanding of the operations of traffic system, a visco‐elastic traffic model was proposed in analogy of non‐Newtonian fluid mechanics. The traffic model is based on mass and momentum conservations, and includes a constitutive relation similar to that of linear visco‐elastic fluids. The further inclusion of the elastic effect allows us to describe a high‐order traffic model more comprehensively because the use of relaxation time indicates that vehicle drivers adjust their time headway in a reasonable and safe range. The self‐organizing behaviour is described by introducing the effects of pressure and visco‐elasticity from the point of view in fluid mechanics. Both the viscosity and elasticity can be determined by using the relaxation time and the traffic sound speed. The sound speed can be approximately represented by the road operational parameters including the free‐flow speed, the jam density, and the density of saturation if the jam pressure in traffic flows is identical to the total pressure at the flow saturation point. A linear stability analysis showed that the traffic flow should be absolutely unstable for disturbances with short spatial wavelengths. There are two critical points of regime transition in traffic flows. The first point happens at the density of saturation, and the second point occurs at a density relating on the sound speed and the fundamental diagram of traffic flows. By using a triangular form flow–density relation, a numerical test based on the new model is carried out for congested traffic flows on a loop road without ramp effect. The numerical results are discussed and compared with the result of theoretical analysis and observation data of traffic flows. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The formulation of marketing strategy in urban public transport

This paper prescribes the parameters of marketing strategy formulation in the context of urban public transport and emphasises in particular the usefulness of the marketing mix and segmentation concepts. A marketing mix comprising the two primary dimensions of service attributes and promotion is advocated, the service attributes to include price, in-vehicle time, mesh density, frequency, reliability and comfort. Three primary trip purpose segments are identified viz. journey-to-work, shopping, and leisure/social trip segments, but these may be expanded into a twenty-four cell matrix once origin-destination and car access factors are included. The sensitivity of demand in these segments is examined mostly by reference to demonstration and experimental project data drawn from the United States and the United Kingdom. For the three primary trip purpose segments demand elasticity is shown to be greater for non-price than for price features; for both price and non-price service features elasticity is shown to be a function of journey purpose being least elastic for journey-to-work trips and most elastic for social/leisure trips. The role of promotion is examined and its importance to the successful marketing of public transport clearly demonstrated.This paper is a condensation of material appearing in The Management of Urban Public Transport: a marketing approach, by P. J. Hovell, W. H. Jones, and A. J. Moran, to be published by Saxon House and Lexington Books in 1975.     

浅谈盾构隧道管片拼装接缝的防水处理

文章以广州地铁二号线“赤岗—鹭江区间隧道”工程为例,对EPDM弹性止水条和遇水膨胀止水条两种材料的各项性能指标进行了对比分析,阐述了EPDM弹性止水条的综合性能和施工技术要点。在实际工程中采用EPDM弹性止水条,较好地解决了当前国内盾构隧道的渗漏质量通病——管片衬砌接缝的防水问题。     

Numerical Simulation and Analytical Solution of Hydraulic Fracturing in Sedimentary Rock Tunnels北大核心CSCD

In the whole process of survey, construction and operation of rock tunnels, hydraulic fracturing is a mechanical mechanism that needs to be focused. In this paper, numerical simulation for fracture damage constitutive model and analytical formula were used to study the hydraulic fracturing of stratified sedimentary rocks. Based on multi-field coupling finite element analysis software, and combining the linear elastic fracture criterion with the damage constitutive model, a seepage-stress-rock damage coupling model is redeveloped, in which micro cracks can be characterized, and applied to study the hydraulic fracturing of rock mass in the saturated seepage process. By introducing dispersed parallel micro cracks for simulating the beddings of sedimentary rocks, the sedimentary rock cylinder model was established to simulate the hydraulic fracturing behaviors under injecting water into apertures and acting of confining pressure, in order to study the fracturing failure modes and seepage distribution patterns. In addition, the quantitative relationship between the critical water pressure for initial cracking and the confining pressure, the pore diameter of specimens was discussed by changing the pore diameter and confining pressure. In order to verify the cracking initiation pressure law obtained by numerical simulation, based on the seepage theory and the basic equation of elastic mechanics, and combined with the tensile failure mode obtained in the simulation, the formula of critical water pressure for cracking initiation in the rock cylinder with uniform linear elastic seepage was derived. The results of analytical solution and numerical calculation show that the cracking initiation pressure obtained by the two methods is in good agreement with the deviation within 3%. The larger the confining pressure, the larger the cracking initiation pressure, with the approximate linear relationship. The smaller the aperture, the larger the cracking initiation pressure, with the approximate negative slope linear relationship in a certain range. At the same time, the cracking initiation pressure by the analytical solution is always slightly greater than that of the numerical solution, which reflects the impact caused by the difference of the basic material hypothesis between the analytical method and the numerical method. When the material property parameters are consistent, the cracking initiation pressure based on the assumption of ideal linear elastomer will be greater than that of the material introduced into the initial damage bedding. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

Network equilibrium for congested multi‐mode networks with elastic demand

This paper proposes an elastic demand network equilibrium model for networks with transit and walking modes. In Hong Kong, the multi‐mode transit system services over 90% of the total journeys and the demand on it is continuously increasing. Transit and walking modes are related to each other as transit passengers have to walk to and from transit stops. In this paper, the multi‐mode elastic‐demand network equilibrium problem is formulated as a variational inequality problem where the combined mode and route choices are modeled in a hierarchical logit structures and the total travel demand for each origin‐destination pair is explicitly given by an elastic demand function. In addition, the capacity constraint for transit vehicles and the effects of bi‐directional flows on walkways are considered in the proposed model. All these congestion effects are taken into account for modeling the travel choices. A solution algorithm is developed to solve the multi‐mode elastic‐demand network equilibrium model. It is based on a Block Gauss‐Seidel decomposition approach coupled with the method of successive averages. A numerical example is used to illustrate the application of the proposed model and solution algorithm.     

装配式管线等价弹性模量的计算方法研究

装配式管线用连接器连接,用胶圈密封。胶圈属于弹性元件,其长度短、弹性模量比钢管小5个数量级,但使用的数量较多,对整条管线弹性模量的影响不可忽略。文中提出将胶圈的弹性模量计入钢管弹性模量中,推导了等价弹性模量的计算公式,并用算例分析了密封胶圈对压力波速的影响。由于装配式管线的规格尺寸均已制式化,故得出的等价弹性模量值可在以后的设计计算中直接使用,方便快捷。     

弹性需求下的轨道交通客流分配模型和算法研究

文章分析了轨道交通客流需求量的影响因素,以拥挤条件下的出行阻抗函数为基础,通过引入弹性需求条件下的轨道交通均衡配流条件,构建了弹性需求的均衡配流模型。根据模型的特点,给出了改进的用于求解弹性需求下的轨道交通均衡配流模型的Frank-wolfe算法。最后通过一个算例说明了算法的有效性和合理性。