软土地区盾构穿越待改建老旧大堤的变形控制研究

针对国内深厚软土地区盾构下穿改扩建堤坝变形安全控制问题,文章依托上海某典型软土盾构隧道下穿待改扩建堤坝工程,通过对比不同加固方式确定了真空联合堆载预压加固法,现场实测了真空联合堆载预压加固堤坝期间地层变形和孔压变化规律以及盾构下穿期间改扩建堤坝表层变形和隧道自身变形。结果表明:采用真空联合堆载预压加固方法可较好地控制盾构下穿改扩建堤坝的施工风险,真空联合堆载预压法对常规埋深盾构隧道下方约2倍盾构直径范围内的软土有加固效果,双曲线经验法能较好预测软土地区老旧大堤预压加固作用下的地基沉降,盾构穿越预压加固的大堤引发的固结变形沉降较小。     

深圳地铁盾构隧道近距离上跨既有线引起的结构变形研究

随着城市轨道交通网络的不断加密,新建地铁隧道近距离穿越既有隧道的现象越来越多。盾构近距离上跨施工对既有线隧道的影响问题,比常规地铁隧道施工更为复杂。文章针对深圳地铁新建9号线双线盾构隧道近距离上跨既有1号线隧道,形成双层隧道四线叠交的特殊工况,采用有限元数值模拟和现场自动化监测结合的方法,研究了盾构隧道上跨施工引起的既有线水平和竖向的变形规律,并分析了土压力对既有线变形的影响。研究结果表明:现场自动化监测结果和数值模拟结果基本一致;上跨施工时,先行隧道开挖对既有线的影响大于后行隧道;既有线竖向整体呈现上浮状态,最大累积上浮量为2.2 mm;既有线的水平偏移与盾构推进方向一致,最大水平偏移量约为1.4 mm;土压力对既有左右两线水平位移的影响大致相同,水平位移随土压力的增大而增大;土压力对既有左右两线的竖向位移影响不同,随着土压力的增加,既有线左线的上浮量逐渐减小,而既有线右线的上浮量不断增大。研究成果可为同类型地层条件下盾构隧道近距离穿越既有结构的设计与工程施工控制提供依据,具有一定的理论意义与应用价值。     

堆载控制基坑开挖引起的地铁区间隧道上浮研究

上海地铁7号线浦江站—耀华站中间风道基坑工程位于地铁区间隧道的上方,坑底距隧道顶的最小距离为9 m。基坑开挖对该地铁区间隧道上浮影响的分析与计算成为该工程的关键,为此建立了该基坑工程的数值分析模型,对实际施工工况进行模拟,动态地分析了施工过程中开挖卸荷对地铁区间隧道上浮的影响,并对不同级别和不同施工步加载处理下隧道上浮进行了研究。计算结果表明,堆载大小与地铁区间隧道上浮成线性关系,最佳堆载大小为120～160 kN/m~2,施做两道支撑之间堆载整体上浮最小,故为最佳堆载时机。     

杭州地铁盾构隧道掘进对建筑物影响的实测分析

文章基于杭州地铁1号线某区间盾构隧道下穿建筑物工程实例,对双线盾构隧道施工过程中引起的建筑物和地表沉降进行了现场监测,并结合盾构掘进系统的数据,对建筑物和地表的实测沉降数据进行了分析,研究了双线盾构隧道掘进施工引起不同位置、不同结构建筑物的沉降规律。结果表明:盾构施工过程中通过控制注浆量和排土量,能有效地控制建筑物的沉降;建筑物基础底面积越大,监测点的沉降曲线越复杂,越需要严格控制施工进程;建筑物离隧道轴线的水平距离越近,监测点的沉降规律和轴线上方地表的沉降规律也越接近。     

盾构掘进参数对地表沉降的影响分析

盾构法作为地铁隧道施工的一种主要施工方法已在我国得到广泛的应用,由施工引起的地层移动和地表沉降是盾构隧道设计和施工中备受关注的问题.文章以深圳地铁5号线洪浪-兴东盾构区间下穿广深高速公路立交桥隧道施工为工程依托,通过数值模拟和现场监测,对影响地表沉降的掘进参数进行了模拟分析.计算结果表明,地表下沉与盾构掘进参数密切相关,适当加大注浆压力能有效控制地表沉降;同时,土舱压力与土体原始侧向压力接近时地表沉降量最少.实测地表沉降与掘进参数的关系表明,当注浆量一定时,地面沉降随土舱压力的增加而减小;地表沉降随着注浆量及注浆压力的增大而减小.     

超大直径泥水式盾构施工地层变形规律研究

文章以南京市纬三路过江通道大直径双线盾构(φ14.5 m)工程为背景,结合现场监测数据,对超大直径泥水式盾构在砂、砂卵石地层中掘进引起的地表变形过程和分布规律进行分析。研究结果表明:盾构隧道地表纵向变形分为四个不同阶段,分别为隆起、快速沉降、缓慢沉降和最后稳定阶段;单线隧道施工地表变形可用Peck公式描述,拟合得到Vl值平均为1.856%,K值平均为0.423,整体呈现单峰状;双线隧道施工地表变形呈不对称双峰状,这是因为后建隧道的施工增加了地表最大沉降值以及沉降槽宽度,进而改变了沉降槽的形状;双线隧道施工地表变形可用双Peck公式进行描述,K值与隧道数量、施工历史情况无明显关联,Vl值与施工方法、质量控制及双线隧道施工顺序有关。研究结果可为类似工程提供指导及参考。     

地铁盾构掘进引起的软弱地层沉降分析

昆明地铁首次在含有泥炭质土软弱地层中采用盾构法施工,难度极大。文章依托昆明地铁首期工程实践,考虑含有泥炭质土软弱地层条件下先行隧道施工对后行隧道施工的影响,建立修正的Peck公式对地表沉降进行计算,在此基础上采用数值方法进一步分析该软弱地层条件下地铁盾构掘进引起地层沉降变形规律,并与地层沉降预测经验公式对比。研究表明:本文方法与数值模拟结果以及现场监测数据吻合较好,可以较好地分析含泥炭质土软弱地层中盾构掘进引起的地层变形规律;先施工隧道的外侧地表沉降变化率较大,后施工的隧道外侧地表沉降变化率较小,但横向沉降范围较大;最大沉降量位于两隧道轴线的中线和先施工隧道的轴线之间,主要由先施工的隧道引起。最后,结合盾构施工监测数据,提出了含泥炭质土软弱地层条件下地铁盾构施工地层变形控制技术措施。     

泥质粉砂岩地层中后行盾构隧道近接施工对大断面矿山法隧道的影响研究

两条以上隧道近距离施工时,将导致既有隧道与新建隧道结构的受力变化,带来工法、工序与施工对策优化等问题。文章以长沙轨道交通3号线盾构隧道近接大断面矿山法隧道施工为工程依托,针对泥质粉砂岩地层,采用数值模拟和模型试验的手段,研究盾构隧道近接矿山法隧道施工的影响规律,并基于地表沉降准则提出影响分区。研究表明:盾构法隧道施工中,盾构开挖距离研究断面1倍洞径至研究断面完成管片拼装这一过程,是引起对应地表沉降增加及既有矿山法结构附加位移增长的主要阶段;对矿山法隧道结构的影响以竖向附加变形为主,具体表现为矿山法隧道整体上浮,越靠近盾构隧道的结构受影响越大;内力影响表现为矿山法隧道结构内力不均匀变化,靠近盾构隧道一侧结构受压加强,远离盾构隧道一侧结构易发生受拉破坏。     

盾构隧道施工对强透水砂卵石地层扰动规律研究

文章以下穿黄河某盾构隧道区间为研究背景,结合现场实际施工情况,揭示了强透水砂卵石地层力学特性及失稳机理,同时根据现场监控量测数据,深入分析了强透水砂卵石地层受盾构施工荷载扰动后的地层沉降规律,并提出了相应的安全控制措施。研究结果表明:下穿黄河段典型断面地表横向沉降值分布呈现明显的离散性,与Peck经验公式预测模型拟合度较低;通过对盾构掘进参数进行合理优化,适当提高盾构推力设定值,严格控制盾构掘进姿态和切口泥水压力波动范围,可有效控制地表沉降变形。     

双孔平行地铁隧道盾构施工地表沉降分布规律研究

盾构法施工中不可避免地会对周围地层产生扰动影响,故加强盾构施工变形控制显得尤为重要。文章以某城市地铁盾构隧道工程为研究背景,采用理论分析和数值模拟方法,研究了双孔平行隧道施工地表沉降分布规律及影响因素,提出了改进的双线隧道地表沉降预测方法,并与现场实测数据进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:隧道间距越大,形成"W"形沉降曲线特征越明显;隧道埋深越小,沉降曲线由"V"形向"W"形转变所需的隧道间距L越小;土质条件越好,地层扰动影响范围越小,"W"形沉降槽特征也越显著;采用C=L/2i来描述双线平行隧道地表沉降分布特征是可行的,随C值增大地表沉降曲线分布由"V"形—"锅底"形—"W"形发展,"W"形非对称性分布特征与隧道相对间距有关;由本文提出的双线盾构施工引起的地表沉降计算公式计算出的地表沉降预测值与实测沉降曲线吻合较好,可用于双线隧道施工地表沉降变形预测,对盾构隧道研究具有重要理论指导和实践意义。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

Modular route bus design – A method of meeting transport operation and vehicle manufacturing requirements

This research examines the problem of route bus specification and vehicle manufacturability. In order for bus operators to provide transport services, a range of vehicle configurations must be available from bus manufacturers, generating variety which has a negative impact on the manufacturing process. Larger part inventories, uncontrolled labour tasks and more troublesome maintenance are known impacts of this variety. This research identifies the functional necessities in route bus interior design and reduces the problems in bus manufacture and operation caused by specification diversity by proposing a modularised system of bus design. In particular, it makes recommendations as to how bus configuration should be carried out, ensuring an optimum mix of operational and manufacturing needs:

• 1.Determine user needs before the bus specification process.
• 2.Designs to be developed by the manufacturer in response to user needs.
• 3.This design should be standardised where possible, as suggested by the user needs.
• 4.Where user needs dictate product variations, apply a mass customisation approach to accommodate these needs.

The recommendations are communicated in design proposals for a modular bus interior, demonstrated by four cases designed to meet the present status quo of bus interior design and predictions for the future of the field.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

Predicting queue variability to enable analysis of overload risk

ABSTRACT

Predicting the risk of traffic demands and delays exceeding critical limits at road junctions, airports, hospitals, etc., requires knowing how both mean and variance of queue size vary over time. Microscopic simulation can explore variability but is computationally demanding and gives only sample results. A computationally efficient approximation to the mean is used in many modelling tools, but only empirical extensions for variance in particular situations have been available. The paper derives theoretical formulae for time-dependent and equilibrium variance, believed to be novel and to apply generally to queues covered by the Pollaczek–Khinchin mean formula, and offering possible structural insights. These are applied in an extended approximation giving mutually consistent mean and variance estimates with improved accuracy. Tests on oversaturated peak demand cases are compared with Markov probabilistic simulation, demonstrating accuracy (R^2?>?0.99) for typical random, priority-like (M/M/1) and traffic-signal-like (M/D/1) queues. Implications for risk analysis, planning and policy are considered.