充分认识内河船舶碰撞事故的若干特性

在列举和分析了大量数据、具体实例的基础上,提出了内河船舶碰撞事故所具有的一些基本特性,并从管理的基本原理出发对这些特性加以探析,期盼从中得到一些启示。驾引人员操纵船舶既要与设备打交道,还要与船舶航行所需要的空间(包括船舶航行的载体、周围环境)打交道,这个航行空间又是动态的,其范围内的对象是不同的、其状态及其相关要素是在变化的。只有关注和研究船舶碰撞事故特性,才能减少或避免碰撞事故的发生。     

对能见度不良海况下航行安全问题的思考

近期，笔者有幸参与了一起船舶碰撞事故的司法鉴定，在大量的事故调查资料、特别是船舶、岸基先进的VDR、VTS视频资料面前，法院还原了整个碰撞事故经过。作为一名航海者，从事故中应如何吸取经验教训？作为海事主管部门，     

受损船操作运动粘性流场及水动力特性研究

随着海上运输事业的进一步繁荣发展,海上船舶的数量越来越多,航道也越来越拥挤,船舶碰撞事故时有发生。船舶碰撞事故会造成船舶沉没、燃油泄漏等多种严重后果,危及船舶工作人员的生命安全。因此,研究碰撞事故后的受损船舶的操作性及水动力特性,可以有效提高受损船舶的事故后航行距离,为救援和脱离险情争取宝贵的时间。本文主要研究了受损船舶的水动力特性,主要使用的方法是计算流体力学(CFD),不仅建立了受损船舶的水动力模型,还对受损船舶的运动进行了仿真分析,具有重要的理论指导意义。     

析雾中航行造成行为过失的原因及其预防

长期以来船舶事故屡有发生，特别是船舶碰撞事故的比例一直居高不下．而船舶在能见度不良条件下碰撞的概率比能见度良好时碰撞概率要大得多。究其原因，除了能见度不良的外界环境外，人为因素仍是事故的主要原因，其中因操作人员过失而导致的船舶碰撞事故占了极大部分，而操作人员过失中的绝大多数是操作者的行为过失造成。     

论船长处理船舶碰撞事故的技巧与方法

我国《海商法》第165条规定：“船舶碰撞，是指船舶存海上或者与海相通的可航水域发生接触造成损害的事故。”船舶碰撞是海上运输中突发的非正常事件，它直接威胁海上安全。虽然现代航海技术在逐步完善和进步，但并未彻底消除船舶碰撞的风险。相反，随着世界经济的发展，船舶货物运输量逐年提高，船舶数量激增，并且朝大型化、高速化方向发展，这些因素导致世界各海区的船舶通航密度增大，从而使得船舶碰撞事故不断出现．通过对诸多碰撞事故的调查发现，碰撞发生后，船长对事故的处理和应对措施至关重要。     

船舶碰撞事故致因及管控措施研究

文章从人为因素、船舶因素和环境因素三方面出发,利用贝叶斯网络理论建立全因素的船舶碰撞致因模型。将该模型应用到天津港船舶碰撞事故的致因分析当中,找出天津港船舶碰撞事故的致因规律,利用船舶操纵模拟器对碰撞事故进行还原和重现,找出事故发生的原因,发现关键的管理控制点,提出针对性的保障措施和建议。     

在能见度不良情况下R轮与K轮碰撞的原因分析

船舶碰撞事故的统计表明，能见度不良时发生的碰撞事故占碰撞事故的６０％以上「１」。为了找出在能见度不良情况下船舶碰撞的共因，有必要对案例进行分析。下面是一个在能见度不良情况下发生的一起船舶碰撞故障。     

内河弯曲航道船舶碰撞事故原因及对策

为有效减少弯曲航道船舶碰撞事故的发生,总结弯曲航道的特性,结合典型案例分析得出弯曲航道船舶碰撞事故的原因。针对事故原因提出减少弯曲航道船舶碰撞事故的对策:船舶在弯曲航道能见度较低时航行,驾驶员应加强瞭望,谨慎驾驶,正确使用灯光和声号;船舶之间要保持联系;根据水流合理设计航路;加强船员的安全意识,严格遵守船舶交通法规;提高船员的驾驶技术和心理素质;及时播报弯曲航道水流、能见度等信息。     

船舶安全“十二防”

1、防碰撞 船长要不间断地开展对驾驶员的避碰知识培训。通过对国际避碰规则和事故案例的学习，加强驾驶人员安全意识和执行规则的自觉性。各船船长还要结合实际，指导驾驶员熟练掌握船舶操纵特性，提高在通航密集水域的航行和操纵技能，改正不良操作习惯，真正做到“早、大、宽，清”，保证船舶航行安全，避免船舶碰撞事故。     

台湾海峡船舶碰撞事故分析与研究

此文根据台湾海峡近10年船舶碰撞事故的统计资料，分析海峡内发生船舶碰撞事故的规律、影响因素及成因等，提出减少台湾海峡碰撞事故的建议与对策。     

Statistical Analysis of Ship Collisions with Bridges in China Waterway

Having carried out investigations on ship collision accidents with bridges in waterway in China, a database of ship collision with bridge (SCB) is developed in this paper. It includes detailed information about more than 200 accidents near ship' s waterways in the last four decades, in which ships collided with the bridges. Based on the information a statistical analysis is presented tentatively. The increase in frequency of ship collision with bridges appears, and the accident quantity of the barge system is more than that of single ship. The main reason of all the factors for ship collision with bridge is the human errors, which takes up 70%. The quantity of the accidents happened during flooding period shows over 3 - 6 times compared with the period from March to June in a year. The probability follows the normal distribution according to statistical analysis. Visibility, span between piers also have an effect on the frequency of the accidents.     

长江干线船撞桥事故分析

对发生在长江干线上的船撞桥事故进行了分析研究。通过调研掌握了一百余份有关资料 ,包括四十年来发生在十余座长江大桥的 172起船撞桥事故 ,在对事故进行统计分析与研究的基础上 ,得出了一些重要的结论。长江船撞桥事故在数量上略呈增长态势 ,船队撞桥事故远多于单船 ,约占 86 %。船撞桥的概率与桥梁跨距、洪水、能见度等因素有关 ,尤其是洪水对船撞桥概率影响较大 ,近似呈正态分布。发生船撞桥事故的第一位原因是人员失误 ,占 78%以上。     

船舶碰撞后运动趋势的模拟计算

本文首先应用明诺斯基(Minorsky)一维碰撞理论,扩展为多自由度模型,描述船舶在碰撞瞬间的能量和运动的转化。以确定两船碰撞后运动的初始条件。船舶碰撞结束之后,开始进入惯性运动阶段,再以日本MMG小组提出的船舶操纵性数学模型为基础,根据基本物理定理,建立两船在互为约束条件下的运动数学模型,计算碰撞后两船的运动过程。最后,在可能出现的各种碰撞格局下进行模拟试验,确定比较符合实际的碰撞前的初始运动状态,为事故分析提供依据。研究表明,用此种模拟计算方法,能较好地计算出船舶碰撞后的运动过程,是一种分析碰撞事故的有效方法。     

仿真技术在船舶碰撞事故再现中的应用

船舶碰撞的研究始终是航行安全或海上交通安全研究领域的热点问题。介绍了应用船舶操纵模拟器模拟碰撞过程的仿真技术,它是目前进行海上事故鉴定和事故分析的重要技术手段。首先利用仿真技术对当事船舶的碰撞过程进行实时动态仿真,再通过船舶碰撞事故分析软件(船舶碰撞事故分析系统2.0)进行分析,最后的仿真结果对船长、驾驶员具有重要的参考价值,也为海上安全主管机关调查处理船舶碰撞事故提供一种新的途径。     

船舶避碰中驾驶员的心理紧张状态与其人为失误

本文从心理学和生理学的角度，剖析了船舶避碰中驾驶员的心理紧张状态及其对人为失误的影响，提出了缓解紧张状态、减少人为失误的措施，为研究碰撞海事提供了一个新的途径。     

西江下游船桥碰撞事故原困分析及对策

文中简要分析了西江下游船桥碰撞事故的原因,提出从规范桥梁的建造和管理、加强桥区水域安全监管、提高船舶过桥技能和恶劣环境下桥区水域监管能力等方面预防船桥碰撞的对策.     

船撞桥概率分析

统计了船舶撞击桥梁事故并分析其原因。以昆兹模型为基础,推导出能应用到船舶撞击桥墩实际情况中的碰撞概率公式,并把此公式应用到了船舶撞击桥墩、撞击桥梁横梁的情况中,同时推导了船撞桥不同撞击角度对应的撞击概率。     

论船舶溢油污染及应急反应

近年来油船的数量和吨位越来越大,油船进出港口次数日渐增加,船舶发生海损事故的几率也随之增加。由于船舶碰撞等海难事故而发生的溢油,也成为海域污染的主要污染源之一。目前我国的海上溢油应急防治能力还是较低的,与国际上相关先进成果相比,理论和实用性方面均有一定差距,提高海上溢油应急反应能力刻不容缓。     

Performance characterisation for risk assessment of striking ship impacts based on struck ship damaged volume

Ship collision accidents are rare events but pose huge threat to human lives, assets, and the environment. Many researchers have sought for effective models that compute ship stochastic response during collisions by considering the variability of ship collision scenario parameters. However, the existing models were limited by the capability of the collision computational models and did not completely capture collision scenario, and material and geometric uncertainties. In this paper, a novel framework to performance characterisation of ships in collision involving a variety of striking ships is developed, by characterising the structural consequences with efficient response models. A double-hull oil carrier is chosen as the struck ship to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework. Response surface techniques are employed to generate the most probable input design sets which are used to sample an automated finite element tool to compute the chosen structural consequences. The resulting predictor-response relationships are fitted with suitable surrogate models to probabilistically characterise the struck ship damage under collisions. As demonstrated in this paper, such models are extremely useful to reduce the computational complexity in obtaining probabilistic design measures for ship structures. The proposed probabilistic approach is also combined with available collision frequency models from literature to demonstrate the risk tolerance computations.     

基于舰船受损体积的舰船撞击风险评估的性能特征（英文）

Ship collision accidents are rare events but pose huge threat to human lives, assets, and the environment. Many researchers have sought for effective models that compute ship stochastic response during collisions by considering the variability of ship collision scenario parameters. However, the existing models were limited by the capability of the collision computational models and did not completely capture collision scenario, and material and geometric uncertainties. In this paper, a novel framework to performance characterisation of ships in collision involving a variety of striking ships is developed, by characterising the structural consequences with efficient response models. A double-hull oil carrier is chosen as the struck ship to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework. Response surface techniques are employed to generate the most probable input design sets which are used to sample an automated finite element tool to compute the chosen structural consequences. The resulting predictor-response relationships are fitted with suitable surrogate models to probabilistically characterise the struck ship damage under collisions. As demonstrated in this paper, such models are extremely useful to reduce the computational complexity in obtaining probabilistic design measures for ship structures. The proposed probabilistic approach is also combined with available collision frequency models from literature to demonstrate the risk tolerance computations.