Direct resolution of the pitch of DNA on positively charged lipid bilayers by frequency-modulation AFM

High resolution structural studies of DNA and DNA binding proteins by atomic force microscopy (AFM) require well-bound samples on suitably flat substrates. Adsorbing the DNA onto a positively charged supported lipid bilayer has previously been shown to be a potentially effective strategy for structural studies with AFM. Here, using our home-built frequency-modulation AFM (FM-AFM), we show that these bilayer substrates are only maximally effective for high resolution AFM when the samples are short, linear DNA, compared with circular plasmid DNA. We find that, with the former sample, the measured width of the DNA is about 2 nm, the known DNA diameter, and there is a clear height modulation along the length of the DNA with a periodicity of about 3.4 nm, in excellent agreement with the known pitch of the double helix. This sample preparation strategy is expected to enable higher resolution studies of DNA and DNA binding proteins with FM-AFM than that can presently be achieved.     

Novel experimental strategy for high resolution AFM imaging of membrane-associated bacterial toxins

Bacterial pore-forming toxins （PFTs） are essential virulence factors of many human pathogens. Knowl- edge of their structure within the membrane is critical for an understanding of their function in pathogenesis and for the development of useful therapy. Atomic force microscopy （AFM） has often been employed to structurally interrogate many membrane proteins, including PFTs, owing to its ability to produce sub-nanometer resolution images of samples under aqueous solution. However, an absolute prerequisite for AFM studies is that the samples are single-layered and closely-packed, which is frequently challenging with PFTs. Here, using the prototypical member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family of PFTs, perfringolysin O （PFO）, as a test sample, we have developed a simple, highly robust method that routinely produces clean, closely-packed samples across the entire specimen surface. In this approach, we first use a small Teflon well to prepare the supported lipid bilayer, remove the sample from the well, and then directly apply the proteins to the bilayer. For reasons that are not clear, bilayer preparation in the Teflon well is essential. We anticipate that this simple method will prove widely useful for the preparation of similar samples, and thereby enable AFM imaging of the greatest range of bacterial PFTs to the highest possible resolution.     

基于能量的船桥碰撞力计算方法

以有限元分析为基础,对1万t级的船舶分别采用不同的撞击速度对桥梁进行正撞分析,得到最大正撞力.采用回归分析方法,比较了船舶初始动量与最大正撞力、初始动能与最大撞击力之间的关系,得到相应的计算公式.与AASHTO公式、修正的G.Wosion公式进行了比较和误差分析,结果表明,基于能量的桥梁船撞力计算方法能很好地计算出船撞力,且误较小.同时,该方法的计算结果很好地反映了船舶初始动能与撞击力之间的关系,并且形式简单,计算方便.     

重载货车车钩准静态受力分析与纵向载荷分配规律

针对重载货车车钩在车钩间隙、重力与纵向牵引力综合作用下的受力状态改变问题, 对车钩进行了准静态受力分析, 研究了其纵向载荷分配规律; 设计了钩舌上下牵引凸缘根部的应变试验, 得到了测点弹性应变随牵引力的变化关系, 分析了上下牵引凸缘承载程度变化趋势; 对车钩进行了详细的受力分析, 推导了载荷传递部位等效力解析解, 得到了车钩承受不同牵引力作用时所对应的仿真边界条件; 对车钩结构进行了仿真分析, 得到了节点应变随牵引力变化的响应曲线, 通过与应变测试试验结果的对比分析, 证明了车钩载荷传递部位等效力解析解和仿真模型的可靠性; 研究了牵引力与钩舌内腕面、上下牵引凸缘等效力的关系式中关键参数对等效力的影响规律。研究结果表明: 当牵引力小于13.5 kN时, 上受压推台受力; 牵引力为13.5~1 725.0 kN时, 车钩系统上下牵引凸缘同时承载, 随着牵引力的逐渐增大, 下牵引凸缘承载比例逐渐减小并趋近于0.53, 上牵引凸缘承载比例逐渐增大并趋近于0.47, 承载比例与系统参数有线性关系, 其中钩舌内腕面等效力作用位置对此影响极大。研究结果作为研究车钩疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展仿真的基础, 对铁路重载车钩服役安全性具有极强的指导意义和参考价值。      

INFLUENCE OF SURFACE MORPHOLOGY ON THE MICROHARDNESS OF ELECTROLEESS NI-B DEPOSIT REVEALED BY AFM OBSERVATION

A crystalline and non-crystalline two-phase Ni-B coating was prepared by electroless deposition with potassium borohydride as reducing agent. When the deposit was heated from 10 C to 500 C, it took place three kinds of phase transformation and formed corresponding nickel borides. An Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to directly view the surface morphologies of the samples in various treated states. The AFM images indicate that nano-dimensional protrusions grow on the surface of the deposit grain during some heat treatment processes,and they are distinguished greatly from the small bulges existing in the as-plated deposit. Further studies show that the microhardness related to the surface topography of thecoating to some extent. Especially when a two-step heat treatment process was performed, the nano-dimensional protrusions on the grain surface grew upt to 40～100nm in diameter and 10～20 nm in height, and the deposit microhardness reached up to HV1500～ 1600 in the meantime.     

数字图像技术在露石混凝土路面中的应用

应用数字图像技术,将普通数码相机拍摄的露石水泥混凝土路面照片进行处理,根据图像的灰度值变化分析得到露石混凝土路表面的构造深度,并通过与常规方法的比较表明,此方法测量的路表面构造深度结果可靠,操作简单,可以在分析露石混凝土路面粗糙的表面特征上应用。     

按晶面力常数的高级近似估算表面能

本文在文献[1]的基础上,计算了高级晶面力常数对表面能的影响,将其结果绘成了表面能和级数之间的关系曲线,选取了较高级、变化较平稳的几级平均值作为表面能的计算值。其结果和文献[1]的比较,普遍有所增大且明显地和实验更吻合。     

Wind Pressure Characteristics at Windward Side of Long-Span Cantilevered Roof by Wind Tunnel Test

A rigid mode of long-span cantilevered roof was tested in wind tunnel.By analyzing the relation between wind angle and wind pressure coefficient and the relation between wind angle and wind shape factor,we found that 90° is the most disadvantageous wind angle.Furthermore,the fluctuation of wind pressure at the windward edge was reflected by power spectrum density (PSD) and coherence function.The correlation coefficients of measuring points on outer and inner surfaces verifys that the largest lift force was produced at 90°.     

振动法测量斜拉桥索力的关键技术

基于振动法测量原理，就影响测量斜拉桥索力的关键因素对索力测试精度的影响作一分析，由此可针对各影响因素提出实际测量中应注意的问题和信号处理方法。实践证明，该方法可有效避免振动法索力测量中不利因素的效应，且得出较好的测量结果。     

基于通径分析的四川省交通碳排放驱动机理研究

为深入分析交通运输碳排放内在驱动机理,以1995-2014年四川省实测数据为例,应用 ASIF数据构造原理和逐步回归方法识别有效驱动因子,并由通径分析获取其对行业碳排放增长的直接和间接效应.结果表明：经济强度、运输强度、相对结构和能耗强度是驱动行业碳排放的关键因子;经济强度是碳排放最主要的决策因子,其对碳排放的直接拉动效应明显;运输强度和相对结构对碳排放的影响依赖于经济强度的刺激,而能耗强度几乎可直接作用于碳排放;随着运输化的逐步推进,四川省的运输强度和能耗强度均有一定程度改善,但仍不足以抵消经济强度稳步上行所引致的行业碳排放增长.     

A new model for soil consolidation based on microstructure

This paper introduces a new means to predict consolidation deformation of soil from its microstructure. Based on a kind of pore-size distribution density function, a fractal model for soil consolidation is established. Through this model, the relation between macroscopic deformation and microcosmic pore property of soil is founded. In order to justify this proposed model for soil consolidation, consolidation experiments of soft clay are performed. Afterward, the microstructure of soft clay unconsolidated and consolidated under every pressure is studied by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the proposed model for soil consolidation is valid in predicting consolidation deformation.     

确定双三次Coons曲面边界切矢的一种新方法——三点圆法

双三次Coons曲面是Coons曲面中最有实用价值的一种,给定型值点和边界条件即可绘制该曲面,但在实用中给定边界条件往往很困难,本文提出一种新的方法——三点圆法来确定双三次Coons曲面的边界切矢,该法直接利用已给的型值点确定边界切矢,不仅几何意义明确,而且便于计算,并在IBM微机上用BASIC语言编程实现了这种算法,效果良好。     

导致直接剪切实验强度偏高的原因及改进办法

对次生红粘土、粉质粘土和全风化泥岩进行了直接快剪实验和三轴不排水剪切实验，并对实验结果进行了分析．实验结果显示，直接快剪实验获得的岩土体的抗剪强度指标——粘聚力和内摩擦角明显高于三轴实验结果．分析其原因，在于直剪实验中法向力与剪切力(剪切面)不垂直，使试样的应力状态改变，从而导致直剪实验获得的岩土体抗剪强度指标偏高．最后，根据力的平衡原理，提出了直剪仪加载装置的改进办法——改一端加载为两端加载．     

ICP-PECVD法制备类金刚石膜

以CH4为放电气体,利用电感耦合等离子体化学气相沉积（ICP—PECVD）法制备了类金刚石薄膜,使用FTIR、AFM、台阶仪对薄膜进行了表征,并对薄膜的沉积过程进行了光谱诊断（OES）．研究了射频功率和基底在放电腔体中的位置对薄膜表面粗糙度、沉积速率和硬度的影响．实验结果表明：A位置处薄膜粗糙度随着功率的增加先减小后增大,随着射频功率的升高,薄膜的硬度逐渐增大,沉积速率先增大后减小,而薄膜硬度和沉积速率都随着与线圈中心距离的增加而减小．光谱诊断结果显示,随着功率的升高,Iβ/Iα和CH的强度呈增大趋势．结合上述研究结果,分析了影响薄膜生长的多种因素．     

基于参数更新的体外索张力识别方法

以有限元分析模型参数更新理论为基础,提出了一种通过测试自振频率得到体外索张力的新方法,其参数更新的目标是使试验实测体外预应力体系的频率与有限元模型计算所得频率最为接近,进而识别出体外索张力大小,经实例验证,用所提出的方法来识别体外索的张力具有很高的精度．     

接头区轨面短波不平顺与P1、P2力关系的试验研究

通过测试接头区轨面平顺性状态不同的两测点的轮轨力,研究分析轨面短波不平顺与高频瞬时冲击力P1、低频冲击力P2之间的关系.在对轨面不平顺数据进行小波分析和三分之一倍频分析得出不平顺差异的基础上,对两测点的P1、P2力进行对比分析.研究表明:轨面短波不平顺是引起轮轨力变化的主要原因;在轨面平顺性状态较好时P1、P2力大小相当,当轨面短波不平顺状态较差时P2明显大于P1;因此轨面短波不平顺状态的恶化主要对P2力产生明显影响,而对P1力影响则相对较小.     

悬索桥重力刚度法及主缆水平拉力计算

对于大跨度悬索桥,加劲梁的抗弯刚度远远小于具备强大拉力储备的主缆的重力刚度,加劲梁的抗弯刚度的大小对全桥结构行为的影响只是处于次要地位。忽略加劲梁的抗弯刚度而将悬索桥当成一个单纯的索结构来分析它的内力和变形的方法就是重力刚度法。通过与悬索同跨简支梁的剪力和弯矩来明确重力刚度的概念,并揭示该剪力和主缆水平拉力、该弯矩和主缆挠度之间的关系。分别采用重力刚度法和通用软件ANSYS来计算悬索桥的内力和变形,其结果接近,说明采用重力刚度法计算的结果也是具有参考价值的。     

Optimal allocation of fleet’s spare parts for system reliability

Allocation of fleet’s spare parts is rarely studied due to its complexity. However, this task is extremely important because the warship’s service level highly relies on the maintenance logistics’ level. In this study, the readiness ratio is proposed as a critical index in measuring the system’s reliability. A well-established mathematical model adopting the optimization method of spare part allocation is also introduced. The objective is to minimize the number of each spare part while satisfying the fleet’s system reliability. The fault tree analysis (FTA) is applied to analyze the system’s failure logic and stratify the units on ship. As a result, the strategy of spare part sharing can be introduced in detail. The solution algorithm is developed, and the simulation experiments to obtain the key parameters are conducted. The proposed model and algorithm are applied to an actual fleet of two warships, and results show that the method above is feasible and can be directly applied into practice.     

可移动式汽车发动机功率测量仪设计

汽车发动机功率检测设备结构复杂,操作繁琐,在一般的维修厂很难推广使用.针对这一问题,研制了一种操作简单,成本低的可移动式汽车发动机功率测量仪.采用点火脉冲电流来测量发动机的转速,通过测量驱动轮制动力获得转矩,进而计算发动机输出功率.实验结果表明,该测量仪结构设计合理,能方便地测量发动机功率,误差满足测量精度要求.     

水泥路面病害产生原因及改善措施分析

水泥路面以其特有的特点被广泛应用于道路建设中.对目前水泥路面病害产生原因进行分析,针对常见的病害,提出改善措施.通过未配筋与铺设钢筋网水泥路面的使用效果对比分析,说明钢筋网能够明显改善路面的使用效果.