柴油机后处理技术发展现状

柴油车具有动力性强、经济性好、热效率高等特点,在交通运输等领域得到广泛使用。随着汽车排放法规的日益严格,柴油车必须加装后处理系统才能满足其限值。本文重点介绍了柴油氧化催化器（DOC）、氮氧化物选择性催化还原（SCR）、稀燃NOx捕集器（LNT）和柴油机颗粒捕集器（DPF）等后处理技术的研究现状,以及联合净化技术的主要研究方向。     

采用SCR后处理技术降低车用柴油机排放

柴油机在节能和降低CO_2方面具有突出的优势,但如何在不牺牲经济性的前提下有效地降低颗粒物(PM)和氮氧化物(NO_x)排放,以满足未来愈来愈严的排放法规,是柴油机未来发展面临的主要挑战。本文在分析柴油机后处理技术路线的基础上,介绍了降低车用柴油机NO_x排放的选择催化还原(SCR)技术的基本原理。列举了SCR技术的主要影响因素并进一步指明了其发展方向。     

SCR技术在船舶柴油机上的应用

文章介绍了船舶柴油机氮氧化物的排放及其危害,针对氮氧化物的排放控制提出了选择性催化还原(SCR)技术,并对其基本原理和主要构成部分进行了阐述,为降低船舶柴油机氮氧化物的排放提供了一个有效的方法。     

降低柴油机NOx排放的Urea-SCR试验研究

选择性催化还原(SCR)是降低柴油机尾气中NOx的最具潜力的技术之一。以32.5%的尿素水溶液为还原剂进行SCR技术的实验研究,完成了以下工作:开发了基于开环控制的尿素水溶液空气辅助喷射控制系统;在发动机台架上选择了某一恒定转速下的不同扭矩点进行NOx转换率实验;运用Fire软件对某一确定工况点不同时刻的NOx转换率进行了数值模拟。实验结果表明,还原剂喷射控制系统的难点及关键点是如何精确控制尿素水溶液的喷射量;台架试验结果表明,不同工况下NOx转换率有所不同,但是转换率都相对较高,尤其是稳定状态时可高达80%;数值模拟结果表明,随着时间的推移,NOx转换率逐渐升高,并最终维持在较高水平。     

机动车尾气等离子体净化技术的现状与进展

本文针对机动车尾气中氮氧化物、一氧化碳、碳氢化合物等不同污染物成分,概括分析了各自等离子净化的机理,讨论了目前低温等离子体技术在机动车尾气净化应用中的研究现状,展望了光催化协同等离子体作用的一体式尾气净化技术的发展动向。     

控制柴油机排放的技术分析

文章介绍了柴油机排放中的若干种措施。在控制柴油机排放的措施中,主要从机内处理和机外净化两个方面分别阐述了对柴油机主要污染物氮氧化物和微粒的处理方法。     

车用尾气催化净化技术综述

内燃机经过多年的发展仍然是汽车和工程机械的主要动力源,有害污染物的排放是其面临的主要问题之一。对于车用内燃机,尾气后处理催化转化技术的应用已经成为各大汽车生产厂家满足各国严格排放标准的主流技术方案。本文在车用尾气催化转化的基本原理的基础上,分析了氧化催化技术和还原催化技术应用现状及前景,并提出未来催化转化技术发展方向。     

公交站台尾气回收系统设计研究

当前城市雾霾问题日益严重,大气污染问题尚未得到有效解决,汽车尾气排放是造成城市大气污染主要原因之一,特别是重型车中的柴油公交车在怠速、低速、加速启动以及减速过程中产生的尾气排放量是正常速度行驶过程中的2倍以上,车辆在怠速、低速、加速启动、以及减速过程中车辆自身所带的尾气处理装置未能有效的运行,对尾气的处理效果并不理想。本文对公交车站台的外观设计进行考察研究,预期利用公交站台与道路平面的高度差,设计一套公交站台尾气回收装置,将其安置在公交站台中,将公交车在站台停靠时产生的尾气回收处理后,达到可排放标准再排放到大气中,从而达到保护城市大气环境的作用。     

La1-xKxCoO3钙钛矿型催化剂在柴油机尾气净化中的应用效果研究

以蜂窝陶瓷为载体,γ-Al_2O_3为活性涂层,制备了负载型钙钛矿催化剂:25%La0.85K0.15CoO_3/Al_2O_3/陶瓷。将催化剂装载于催化器中,基于台架试验研究了该催化器在柴油机尾气净化中的效果。结果表明,该催化器对PM有较好的处理效果,去除率高达98.8%,尾气中NO_x、HC、CO浓度也有较明显的降低,去除率分别为5.22%、27.6%、40.6%,CO_2浓度略有增加。相对于空白催化器,在钙钛矿型催化剂的作用下,PM的催化转化活性大大提高。催化转化温度T50%、T90%分别为365℃、642℃,降低了126℃、143℃,催化转化用时T50%、T90%分别为10 min、42 min,缩短了23 min、43 min。另外,运行过程中发动机压力损失可为催化器再生时机提供选择,无需外加装置与能耗,有利于节约再生成本。     

电力推进技术在渡船中的应用

近年来,国家陆续出台了关于长江生态保护的相关文件。随着电力推进技术在节能减排方面的优势显现,常规动力渡船存在的问题显而易见,如较长传动轴增加了能量损耗,降低了能源效率;柴油机的响应较慢,影响船舶的机动性;柴油机的燃烧不充分导致燃油的过多消耗,以及柴油机直驱渡船的动力推进装置占据了机舱的大部分空间。本文结合电力推进渡船的应用情况,针对上述常规推进渡船的缺点,对船舶动力系统进行了改进,采用全回转电力推进取代原先柴油机直驱,电站采用高压共轨电喷式柴油机带动发电机发电,经整流实现直流组网后,统一为全船提供动力和日常用电。     

On-road emissions from urban buses with SCR + Urea and EGR + DPF systems using diesel and biodiesel

Due to growing concerns about NO_x and particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines, stricter regulations are being introduced requiring advanced emission control technology. In response the diesel industry has begun testing various emission control technologies and applying them. To assess vehicle renewal policies of bus companies, two exhaust after-treatment technologies are compared: the combination of a diesel particulate filter and an exhaust gas re-circulation system and the combination of a selective catalytic reduction and urea. On-board emission measurements were conducted under real-world driving conditions on a specific bus route in the city of Madrid.     

Experimental analysis of exhaust gas after treatment system using water scrubbing in a single cylinder diesel engine for diesel and biofuel blends

A low-cost exhaust gas after treatment system called water-scrubbing is attempted in this paper. An emission treatment setup is fabricated, which is installed in the exhaust of the engine. This takes the exhaust gas and sprays water in the exhaust and passes it through the chamber containing silica gel. An attempt is made to investigate experimentally the performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine, with and without water injection at the exhaust using diesel fuel (DF), diesel-Karanja oil blend (DKB) and diesel-Jatropha oil blend (DJB). The exhaust gas after treatment system helps to reduce NOx, CO and Particulate matter. The performance of the engine has also been monitored to determine whether the engine has any decrease in performance when the setup is used and it is found that there is no change in the engine performance.     

金属波纹管在柴油机排气系统中的应用

根据柴油机排气管道系统的具体应用要求,对金属波纹管设计技术、导流套设计技术、组件制造技术进行研究.确定了多层薄壁密波的波纹管结构,翻边免焊的连接工艺,导流套的选型及设计原则,最终使金属波纹管满足国内大功率柴油机排气系统的应用要求.     

公路隧道多竖井送排式通风计算方法与实践

文章从公路隧道纵向通风计算特点分析入手,根据流体的连续性原理对单竖井送排式通风计算公式进行了扩展,提出了多竖井送排式通风计算方法,利用这种方法能够求出多竖井送排式通风中各段隧道最经济的设计风量,通过编程并实施,证明其具有很大的实用价值。     

Thermodynamic,environmental and economic analysis of absorption air conditioning unit for emissions reduction onboard passenger ships

In this paper, the waste heat of exhaust gases and jacket cooling water in marine diesel engines are analyzed to operate the absorption refrigeration unit (ARU). Thermo-economic and environmental analysis of the absorption refrigeration cycle operated with the two heat sources that use lithium bromide as an absorbent is carried out. The analysis is performed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software package where the thermodynamic properties of the steam and the LiBr-water mixtures are provided. The used EES code is verified by published experimental data. As a case study, high speed passenger vessel operating in the Red Sea area has been investigated. The results show that a considerable specific economic benefit could be achieved from ARU jacket cooling water operated over that gained from main engine exhaust gases. Environmentally, applying ARU machine during cruise will reduce the annual fuel consumption for the diesel generators by 156 ton with a reduction percentage of 23%. This will reduce the exhaust gas emissions by 6.3% from the applied main engine emissions. In addition, this will result in reducing NO_x, SO_x, and CO₂ emissions with cost-effectiveness of 4.99 $/kg, 13.18 $/kg, and 0.08 $/kg, respectively.     

Developing link-based particle number emission models for diesel transit buses using engine and vehicle parameters

To better assess health impacts from diesel transportation sources, particle number emissions can be modeled on a road network using traffic operating parameters. In this work, real-time particle number emissions rates from two diesel transit buses were aggregated to the roadway link-level and modeled using engine parameters and then vehicle parameters. Modern statistical methods were used to identify appropriate predictor variables in the presence of multicollinearity, and controlled for correlated emission measurements made on the same day and testing route. Factor analysis helped to reduce the number of potential engine parameters to engine load, engine speed, and exhaust temperature. These parameters were incorporated in a linear mixed model that was shown to explain the variation attributable to link-characteristics. Vehicle specific power and speed were identified as two surrogate vehicle travel variables that can be used in the absence of engine parameters, although with a loss in predictive power compared to the engine parameter model. If vehicle speed is the only operating input available, including road grades in the model can significantly improve particle number emission estimates even for links with mild grade. Although the data used are specific to the buses tested, the approach can be applied to modeling emissions from other vehicle models with different engine types, exhaust systems, and engine retrofit technologies.     

Examining the benefits of using bio-CNG in urban bus operations

Public service fleets offer an attractive option for introducing new renewable fuels on a large scale, which allow for the reduction of both greenhouse gas emissions and exhaust air pollutants. This study examines the use of biomethane (bio-CNG) and compressed natural gas for part of the bus fleet in Dublin, Ireland. The emissions produced from the 2008 fleet based at one of the city’s seven bus depots are compared to use of new diesel and bio-CNG buses. The optimum feedstock for bio-CNG production in Ireland was then investigated, as well as the quantity of feedstock needed to produce the required bio-CNG to fuel the bus fleet examined. As expected the results showed a substantial decrease in all exhaust emissions from the use of bio-CNG buses compared the 2008 fleet. Grass silage was chosen as the optimum feedstock for production of bio-CNG in Ireland.     

Unintended environmental impacts of nighttime freight logistics activities

In recent years, the reduction of freight vehicle trips during peak hours has been a common policy goal. To this end, policies have been implemented to shift logistics operations to nighttime hours. The purpose of such policies has generally been to mitigate congestion and environmental impacts. However, the atmospheric boundary layer is generally more stable during the night than the day. Consequently, shifting logistics operations to the night may increase 24-h average concentrations of diesel exhaust pollutants in many locations. This paper presents realistic scenarios for two California cities, which provide diesel exhaust concentration and human intake estimates after temporal redistributions of daily logistics operations. Estimates are made for multiple redistribution patterns, including from 07:00–19:00 to 19:00–07:00, similar to daytime congestion charging polices, and from 03:00–18:00 to 18:00–03:00, corresponding to the PierPASS program at the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. Results for these two redistribution scenarios indicate that 24-h average exhaust concentrations would increase at most locations in California, and daily human intake is likely to worsen or be unimproved at best. These results are shown to be worse for inland than coastal settings, due to differences in meteorology. Traffic congestion effects are considered, using a new graphical method, which depicts how off-peak policies can be environmentally improving or damaging, depending on traffic speeds and meteorology.     

General statistics of diesel engines’ idle time: Shunting locomotives in industrial sidings in Poland 2009…2013

Shunting locomotive/switcher (AmE)/utilization profiles are analyzed in this paper, in particular on the basis of idle time data collected in nineteen Polish industrial sidings and yards. 40 years old, diesel-electric locomotives are observed during 1000 h. Idle times related to work cycles are analyzed statistically. The percentage of the shunting locomotive daily operating time that the engine is operating at idle amounts to 70% (from 55% to 90%), and average daily idle fuels consumption amounts to 150 l a day (from 90 to 240 l a day).Many European and Asian countries still operate a significant number of similar (ChME3, e.g. S200) old, diesel-electric locomotives (almost 8000 locomotives have been produced), for moving trains over long distances and as shunting locomotives.Observed frequent short idle time periods suggest necessity of widening future scope of idling times’ analysis. Adaptation of Polish rolling stock will be possible using prior general public education about dangerous carcinogens in diesel exhaust smoke and fuel waste related to diesel engines’ idling. Simple simultaneous depiction of diesel engine power time series together with idle time could be used for educational visualization of idling among a wider audience. In the future classical aggregated idle time statistics should be supplemented by models that are more related to the variability of shunting locomotives diesel generator’s power time series, e.g. distribution of frequent short individual idle time cases.     

Isocyanic acid and ammonia in vehicle emissions

Vehicles are considered to be an important source of ammonia (NH₃) and isocyanic acid (HNCO). HNCO and NH₃ have been shown to be toxic compounds. Moreover, NH₃ is also a precursor in the formation of atmospheric secondary aerosols. For that reason, real-time vehicular emissions from a series of Euro 5 and Euro 6 light-duty vehicles, including spark ignition (gasoline and flex-fuel), compression ignition (diesel) and a plug-in electric hybrid, were investigated at 23 and −7 °C over the new World harmonized Light-duty vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) in the Vehicle Emission Laboratory at the European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra, Italy. The median HNCO emissions obtained for the studied fleet over the WLTC were 1.4 mg km⁻¹ at 23 °C and 6 mg km⁻¹ at −7 °C. The fleet median NH₃ emission factors were 10 mg km⁻¹ and 21 mg km⁻¹ at 23 and −7 °C, respectively. The obtained results show that even though three-way catalyst (TWC), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and NOx storage catalyst (NSC) are effective systems to reduce NOx vehicular emissions, they also lead to considerable emissions of the byproducts NH₃ and/or HNCO. It is also shown that diesel light-duty vehicles equipped with SCR can present NH₃ emission factors as high as gasoline light-duty vehicles at both, 23 and −7 °C over the WLTC. Therefore, with the introduction in the market of this DeNOx technology, vehicular NH₃ emissions will increase further.