基于SPS的原油管道最大再启动压力增加值分析

分析了现有研究停输再启动过程方法的优缺点,采用仿真模拟软件SPS进行最大再启动压力增加值的影响因素分析。首先建立了西部某原油管道仿真模型,通过与现实工况对比,验证了模型准确性。然后在管道模型基础上进行停输再启动工况模拟,得到管道最大再启动压力增加值位置,并通过修改停输时间、管内径、管长、管道弹性模量、油品体积模量、油品密度、再启动原油温度得出各因素对最大再启动压力增加值的影响。最后通过统计分析软件SPSS进行Kendall、Spearman两种相关系数的计算,得出各因素影响程度排序。     

高含水原油集输管道内腐蚀检测监测技术

国内油田开发后期,原油集输管道含水率高,由内腐蚀导致管体腐蚀穿孔问题凸显,对于高含水原油集输管道,分析其内腐蚀影响因素,预测管体易腐蚀位置,采取有效的检测手段及具体监测方法解决。文中对高含水原油集输管道内腐蚀因素进行分析;建立典型管段模型进行FLUENT多相流模拟,得出水滴在弯头出口外侧及两颊处有沉积,为易腐蚀位置的结论。     

流动保障技术在海底热油管道上的应用

为保障海上终端装卸船海底热油管道安全经济运行,引入了国外始于深海油气田开发的流动保障的概念,建立了海底热油管道的水力、热力模型.为了提高计算的准确性,在建立热力模型时,采用变化的比热容进行计算,考虑了含蜡原油结晶潜热的影响;建立水力模型时,考虑了含蜡原油在管内流动的温降过程是蜡结晶的相变过程,采用了分段计算方法.同时,...     

苏丹某油田预脱水站处理工艺分析

苏丹某油田是稠油为主力区块的油田，油品密度大、含蜡高、倾点高。站内脱水工艺为两级分离，两级换热的三相分离器热化学分离。投产后由于产量增加，原油含水率上升，运行参数发生了变化。文中通过对站内工艺流程和原油物性的分析，提出了调整流程的建议。     

灰色模型在原油管道蜡沉积速率预测中的应用

为了对原油管道内蜡沉积速率进行准确预测,基于灰色GM(1,N)模型理论和建模思路,综合考虑了管壁处剪切应力、管壁处温度梯度、管壁处蜡分子浓度梯度和原油的动力黏度4个影响因素,建立了 GM(1,5)蜡沉积速率模型,并与黄启玉蜡沉积模型进行模型精度对比.结果表明:GM(1,5)蜡沉积速率模型的平均相对误差为2.955 5％...     

库鄯线原油分层特性研究

介绍了塔里木原油分层情况及对库鄯线性生产的影响，对沉积物的性质及原油的分层特性进行了研究，并分析了塔里木原油分层的内在原因及解决分层问题的可能办法。     

原油管道停输再启动实验研究

在实验室内建立了管流实验装置,测定大庆原油流变特性以及进行停输再启动的实验研究。对原油流变特性的测定大多是在旋转黏度计中进行的,而原油在旋转黏度计中是拖动流,在管路中为压力流。管流实验装置测量的原油流变特性曲线更符合实际管道原油的流变特性。分析了停输前流量、启输流量、原油出站温度、环境温度对启输过程的影响。由试验结果以及模拟结果分析可知,对停输过程温度的计算偏低,再启动压力值偏大。对解决东北管网的低输量问题具有指导意义和实际的应用价值。     

对原油管道最低出站油温的控制分析

对原油管道最低出站油温的控制进行分析，通过全面考虑原油管道正常运行、停输和再启动情况下管道系统的散热和流动特性，对建立的数学模型利用数值解法的预测一校正法和有限元法联立求解，并在此基础上编制了模拟软件，可对实际生产提供科学依据。通过对实际管道进行分析，得出原油管道最低出站油温的控制由季节、管道的允许停输时间、要求恢复正常运行的时间以及出站最高可加热油温等因素而决定。     

含蜡原油的降凝剂研究

国内原油（包括海洋油田的原油）大都是含蜡黏稠原油和重质高黏易凝原油，这两种类型的原油流动性能差。采用添加降凝剂的方法是改善含蜡原油低温流变特性的途径之一。文中重点介绍了AM（丙烯酰胺）／AA（丙烯酸）／AE（烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚丙烯酸酯）共聚物型降凝剂的性能，系统研究了聚合体系单体质量分数和反应温度对共聚物特性黏数的影响，讨论了共聚物含量对含蜡原油流动性的影响，最后得出添加降凝剂的方法对含蜡原油的输送起到重要作用的结论。     

原油管道内腐蚀检测技术研究

某输油站内原油管道过路埋地段在使用过程中,发生了内腐蚀穿孔泄漏。文中针对该条原油管道内腐蚀泄漏情况,通过使用超声相控阵内腐蚀检测技术对该条管线进行内腐蚀缺陷扫查,并结合管段相对高程和管内原油介质成分分析结果,对该条原油管道内腐蚀穿孔现象进行原因分析。结果表明,该条管道属于典型的静置管道,管内原油含水量大,氯含量较高,油品呈弱酸性,内腐蚀多发生于该条管道局部低洼位置底部6点钟附近,腐蚀失效主要原因为静置管道原油沉积水造成的电化学腐蚀。     

用预测-校正法计算埋地热油管道停输时的轴向温降

在充分考虑影响热油管道轴向温降的各个因素的基础上,并考虑油品物性(密度、比热容、黏度)和总传热系数随温度变化而变化,建立了热油管道停输时轴向温降的数学模型,模型还适用于有进分油点的管道,并用预测-校正法求解数学模型,最后进行了实例计算.该方法已应用在新疆油田的几条热油管道轴向温降的计算中,计算结果令人满意.     

混输原油管道优化运行技术研究

针对长吉输油管线采用混合输送方式输送俄罗斯原油和大庆原油及该管线的工程实际,以总运行费用最小为原则,以各站进站温度和开泵方案为决策变量,建立了该管线优化运行的数学模型,采用穷举法穷举出各种可能的开泵方案作为外层嵌套,将进站温度的优化作为内层嵌套求解该模型。通过某天实际运行方案和优化运行方案对比可以看出,优化运行方案总费用降低7%。     

灰色系统理论在原油管道结蜡规律预测模型的应用

原油结蜡是影响管道安全、经济和高效运行的一个重要因素。为了对输油管道的结蜡状况进行预测,掌握输油管道结蜡的基本规律,应用灰色系统理论中的模型对输油管道结蜡速度和结蜡厚度等指标的实际统计数据进行了灰色动态拟合,建立了相应的灰色微分方程和时间响应函数。结果表明：残差小于2%,模型精度满足工程实际需要。     

不停输原油管道大修时压降的计算

针对原油长输管线在不停输时,由于挖开段的传热系数增大影响到站阃的压强,采用分段法在稳定的热力条件下计算不停输原油管道大修时压降,用C语言编制了计算程序;并举例加以说明,对开挖与不开挖时出站压力相同时的压降进行对比分析;确定不出现凝油事故时的最低出站压力.     

磁处理对南海原油凝点的影响规律研究

通过对原油进行磁处理,可以改善原油的流动性,降低其输送成本。通过控制磁化温度、磁化转速和磁化强度,对模拟南海原油油样进行磁处理后凝点变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:磁处理能降低南海原油的凝点,磁化温度、磁化转速和磁化强度对南海原油的凝点均有影响。在40~80℃的温度区间内,磁化温度越高,磁处理降凝效果越好;在0~100 mT的磁场强度范围内,随着磁化强度增加,凝点具有不断降低趋势;最优的磁化转速为1000 r/min,在此转速下,实验油样凝点降低了4.7%。     

A bi-objective approach to routing and scheduling maritime transportation of crude oil

Maritime transportation, the primary mode for intercontinental movement of crude oil, accounts for 1.7 billion tons annually – bulk of which are carried via a fleet of large crude oil tankers. Although spectacular episodes such as Exxon Valdez underline the significant risk and tremendous cost associated with marine shipments of hazardous materials, maritime literature has focused only on the cost-effective scheduling of these tankers. It is important that oil transport companies consider risk, since the insurance premiums is contingent on the expected claim. Hence through this work, we present a mixed-integer optimization program – with operating cost and transport risk objectives, which could be used to prepare routes and schedules for a heterogeneous fleet of crude oil tankers. The bi-objective model was tested on a number of problem instances of realistic size, which were further analyzed to conclude that the cheapest route may not necessarily yield the lowest insurance premiums, and that larger vessels should be used if risk is more important as it enables better exploitation of the risk structure.     

伴热稠油管道停输温降数值模拟

基于有限容积法,建立伴热稠油管道停输过程的非稳态传热模型,采用＂焓-多孔度＂技术,利用FLUENT软件,分别对伴热管与稠油管同时停输及稠油管道单独停输两种情况进行了数值模拟,并考虑了析蜡潜热对温降的影响,得出了不同时刻管内原油凝固区、混合区、液油区的位置及温度场的分布。结果表明：两种情况下,稠油固化过程基本相同。稠油管道单独停输时,管内原油温降速率比双管同停温降速率略慢,但在一定时间内相差不大。随着停输时间的延长,两种情况下管内稠油温降速率变化明显,说明伴热管对稠油管道短期停输影响不大。文中给出安全停输时间,为工程设计提供一定指导。     

Examining the effects of the built environment and residential self-selection on commuting trips and the related CO2 emissions: An empirical study in Guangzhou,China

Numerous studies have established the link between the built environment and travel behavior. However, fewer studies have focused on environmental costs of travel (such as CO₂ emissions) with respect to residential self-selection. Combined with the application of TIQS (Travel Intelligent Query System), this study develops a structural equations model (SEM) to examine the effects of the built environment and residential self-selection on commuting trips and their related CO₂ emissions using data from 2015 in Guangzhou, China. The results demonstrate that the effect of residential self-selection also exists in Chinese cities, influencing residents’ choice of living environments and ultimately affecting their commute trip CO₂ emissions. After controlling for the effect of residential self-selection, built environment variables still have significant effects on CO₂ emissions from commuting although some are indirect effects that work through mediating variables (car ownership and commuting trip distance). Specifically, CO₂ emissions are negatively affected by land-use mix, residential density, metro station density and road network density. Conversely, bus stop density, distance to city centers and parking availability near the workplace have positive effects on CO₂ emissions. To promote low carbon travel, intervention on the built environment would be effective and necessary.     

Macroscopic modeling of lane‐changing for two‐lane traffic flow

We propose a macroscopic model of lane‐changing that is consistent with car‐following behavior on a two‐lane highway. Using linear stability theory, we find that lane‐changing affects the stable region and the propagation speeds of the first‐order and second‐order waves. In analyzing a small disturbance, our model effectively reproduces certain non‐equilibrium traffic‐flow phenomena—small disturbance instability, stop‐and‐go waves, and local clusters that are affected by lane‐changing. The model also gives the flow‐density relationships in terms of the actual flow rate, the lane‐changing rate, and the difference between the potential flow rate (the flow rate that would have occurred without lane‐changing) and the actual flow rate. The relationships between the actual flow rate and traffic density and between the lane‐changing rate and traffic density follow a reverse‐lambda shape, which is largely consistent with observed traffic phenomena.