管道绝缘接头测试方法适用性研究

由于在评价管道绝缘接头的绝缘性能时易出现误判,研究了电位法、射频绝缘性能测试法以及PCM漏电率法的原理及测试步骤,重点介绍了电流环在测试评价绝缘接头绝缘性能中的应用情况。并开展了4种方法在某输气管道阀室绝缘接头上的适用性研究。结果表明:4种测试方法均可以测试绝缘接头的绝缘性能。电流环法可以精确地测量出绝缘接头两侧管中电流的大小和方向,准确判断绝缘接头的绝缘性能,测试结果可靠性高。     

自控阀室绝缘接头失效检测方法分析

文中结合实际案例,介绍了uDL2电位法、地电位法、绝缘接头测试仪法、PCM漏电率法和电流环法在绝缘接头绝缘性能评价中的应用。结果表明:综合应用5种测试方法,可实现对绝缘接头绝缘性能的定量评价。电流环测试法可直观检测出绝缘接头两侧的管中电流大小及方向,测试结果可靠性最高。     

跨径42m箱形组合梁先简支后连续体系转换控制要点

结合工程实施的具体情况,针对4孔1联的体系转换从预制、湿接头、临时支座、施工程序等方面,阐述了结构体系转换控制要点和步骤.     

绝缘接头有限元受力分析

为了研究绝缘接头各个组件的受力情况与适合的水压+弯曲试验方法,采用有限元方法,对绝缘接头进行受力分析验证,结果表明绝缘接头的易损坏部位出现在短节与凸缘法兰的连接处。并采用有限元分析的方法对单向受力与双向受力两种试验方法的受力情况进行分析。结果表明:避免接头损坏,在水压+弯曲试验时,采取保护措施的情况下,可以采用单向受力方法。其他工况下,推荐采用同时施加双力的方法。     

钢筋混凝土刚架拱桥预制构件拼接接头工艺与施工质量控制

分段预制、拼装的刚架拱桥,拼接接头的可靠性对该桥的使用和安全性至关重要.就327国道利沟大桥加宽,干、湿接头工艺与施工质量控制方法及要求作简要介绍.     

油田集输管线的联合阴极保护

外防腐层与阴极保护是油田集输管线最经济有效的防腐蚀措施,但是管线的阴极保护往往与油田地面设施的防雷/静电技术不匹配,管线的阴极保护效果受影响。文中介绍了采用联合阴极保护油田集输管线的极化水平不均的问题。从绝缘接头绝缘性、管线阻性以及站内地面设施接地等方面进行了阴极保护系统调查,指出绝缘接头失效、现有接地系统是导致电流漏失的因素。对集输管线原有阴极保护系统提出了在恒电位仪输出阴极串联具有强制分流的阴极接线箱、绝缘接头保护、接地改造等改进措施。     

桥梁桥面铺装施工技术

本文结合桥梁施工实例,针对桥面湿接头、湿接缝施工以及桥面调平层施工、桥面防护栏的安装三个施工环节,阐述了桥面铺装施工的工艺流程与质量控制要点,为同类工程提供参考。     

在役管道绝缘接头绝缘性能测试技术应用

针对在役管道绝缘接头的漏电问题及其对管道阴极保护系统运行的影响,文中结合实际案例,介绍了通断电位法和PCM漏电率测量法在绝缘接头绝缘性能测试上的应用。结果表明:综合运用通断电位法和PCM漏电率测量法,可实现绝缘接头绝缘性能的定量评价,且当绝缘接头漏电率≤15%时,基本不影响阴极保护系统的正常运行。同时,运用Matlab/Simulink仿真平台进行电路模型分析,提出了漏电率测试中几种特殊情况的分析方法,可用于指导现场的检测工作。     

管道电绝缘测试方法应用分析

文中针对管道站场存在的电绝缘漏电导致的恒电位仪输出增大问题,开展了管道绝缘接头测试评价分析工作,比较了几种常用检测方法,并介绍了这些方法的优点和缺点,为绝缘接头的检测评价和运行维护提供参考。     

浅述桥涵台背回填的质量控制

本文结合省道205线邵武市故县至江富公路改造工程,从材料、压实机具的选择、工艺流程等方面阐述了桥涵台背回填的施工要点和质量控制方法,对同类工程具有一定参考价值.     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

Modular route bus design – A method of meeting transport operation and vehicle manufacturing requirements

This research examines the problem of route bus specification and vehicle manufacturability. In order for bus operators to provide transport services, a range of vehicle configurations must be available from bus manufacturers, generating variety which has a negative impact on the manufacturing process. Larger part inventories, uncontrolled labour tasks and more troublesome maintenance are known impacts of this variety. This research identifies the functional necessities in route bus interior design and reduces the problems in bus manufacture and operation caused by specification diversity by proposing a modularised system of bus design. In particular, it makes recommendations as to how bus configuration should be carried out, ensuring an optimum mix of operational and manufacturing needs:

• 1.Determine user needs before the bus specification process.
• 2.Designs to be developed by the manufacturer in response to user needs.
• 3.This design should be standardised where possible, as suggested by the user needs.
• 4.Where user needs dictate product variations, apply a mass customisation approach to accommodate these needs.

The recommendations are communicated in design proposals for a modular bus interior, demonstrated by four cases designed to meet the present status quo of bus interior design and predictions for the future of the field.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.