基于Adams和Matlab联合的汽车悬架系统仿真分析

伴随着虚拟样机技术的不断发展,虚拟物理模型与控制模型联合仿真技术日趋成熟。文中利用ADAMS软件,建立了二分之一车体四自由度汽车主动悬架的虚拟模型。通过集成车辆主动悬架系统的动力学方程,搭建了基于ADAMS和MATLAB联合的汽车悬架系统仿真平台。在此基础上,比较分析了某轿车汽车车身垂直加速度响应和车身俯仰角加速度响应,该模拟结果与文献[1]数学模型的结果基本吻合,从而验证了系统仿真平台正确性。     

汽车电子控制悬架系统

介绍了汽车的电子控制半主动悬架系统和电子控制主动悬架系统的工作原理。     

轮毂电机驱动系统对整车行驶平顺性影响的研究

本文以轮毂电动汽车为依托,建立了1/4车辆双质量振动系统模型,根据系统振动方程,建立MATLAB/Simulink仿真模型,并以此分别分析在路面脉冲激励和路面随机激励下,以不同车速行驶时非簧载质量的增加对车身部分加速度的影响。通过建立传递函数分析不同非簧载质量情况下,车身加速度、相对动载荷和悬架动挠度对路面速度激励的响应情况。最后对目前针对非簧载质量增加对于整车平顺性不利影响的解决方案进行了对比分析。     

汽车空气悬架的发展及我国研发对策思考

空气悬架诞生于十九世纪中期,早期用于机械设备隔振.1947年,美国首先在普耳曼汽车上使用空气悬架,欧洲及日本等国家和地区相继对汽车空气悬架作了应用研究.目前,国外这些地方无论是客车还是载重车都已经比较普遍采用空气悬架系统,而国内却处于刚刚起步阶段,只应用在一些豪华客车和少部分重型载货车上.     

主动悬架系统模式切换控制策略研究

针对在不同工况下车辆行驶时对于主动悬架系统的性能需求,本文设计出一种可切换悬架工作模式的悬架控制策略,可以提高车辆在不同工况下行驶时的动力学性能。通过对控制策略进行建模仿真,结果得出相较于未进行模式切换的悬架,所设计的模式切换控制策略可以有效改善悬架工作时的性能,为后续控制参数的优化提供了研究基础。     

电喷汽车积碳的预防与清除

电控多点汽油喷射系统(MPFI)在汽车上的应用日益广泛,但在使用过程中往往由于喷油器积碳堵塞而导致汽车动力性、经济性下降和排放恶化等问题,引起驾驶员的广泛关注.重点介绍了积碳的形成机理以及积碳对主要部件喷油嘴喷油性能的影响,并对汽车积碳的预防与清除做了论述,以达到对在用汽车动力性、经济性和排放性等各项性能指标提高的目的.     

汽车悬架性能检测方法及其分析

对汽车悬架性能检测台的现状进行了调查研究与资料总结，论述了目前检测台的各种形式并分析各种方法的优缺点，得出共振式汽车悬架性能检测法是一种适于检测线检测的不解体快速检测的方法。     

基于蛇形试验汽车操稳性主客观评价相关性研究

为实现汽车操纵稳定性主观评价客观化,以实车蛇行试验为例,研究汽车操稳性主观得分与客观测量数据之间的关系,建立相关性"最优"模型。结果表明,在小样本情况下,主观评价得分分别与平均转向盘转角无线性相关关系,与平均横摆角速度正线性相关关系,与平均车身侧倾角、平均侧向加速度负线性相关关系;平均横摆角速度对主观评价得分影响最显著,平均侧向加速次之,平均车身侧倾角最小。     

基于ADAMS的汽车驱动桥壳动力学仿真分析

利用机械系统动力学仿真软件ADAMS,建立了矿用汽车驱动桥非线性振动系统的虚拟样机模型,采用动力学仿真的方法,计算桥壳在不平路面激励下所受到的动载荷,仿真结果可为桥壳的有限元动态分析与设计提供载荷方面的准备。     

高原地区CNG/汽油双燃料汽车发动机性能试验评价

通过汽车发动机的试验研究,比较高原地区CNG/汽车双燃料汽车在燃用汽油和燃用天然气时发动机的动力性、燃料经济性和环保性等性能指标,指出CNG在高原地区使用的环保性、燃料经济性优于汽油,动力性下降,表明CNG在高原地区汽车上的使用具有很大的优越性,应大力推广。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety,liability, privacy,cybersecurity, and industry risks

ABSTRACT

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues; other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.