盾构隧道局部渗漏水对其力学特性的影响

针对盾构隧道接头渗漏水导致结构长期运营安全性能降低这一问题,文章建立了接头渗漏水数值计算模型,对接头局部渗漏水条件下管片结构的力学响应进行分析。结果表明:接头渗漏水会导致接头附近管片所承担的外水压力明显减小,且减小量值随着渗流量的增加而增加;管片结构内力随着渗流时间的增加,体现为快速增加、缓慢增加和趋于稳定的三阶段变化特征;结构弯矩与轴力的量值与接头渗漏量呈现正相关性;当接头总的渗漏量相同时,外侧受拉区接头处渗漏水对结构内力的影响大于内侧受拉区接头处渗漏,且单一接头漏水时,接头处的水压力减小量值大于多接头渗漏工况;对于多接头渗漏而言,渗水条件下结构渗漏侧的弯矩值大于未渗漏侧的弯矩值,表现出明显的非对称分布特征。     

基于流固耦合的气液两相流管道振动特性分析

气液两相流管道容易发生振动问题,为确保其安全运行,有必要对其进行振动特性分析。根据考虑流固耦合作用的管道前两阶固有频率表达式,运用Matlab软件编程计算管道结构参数和流体参数对管道结构固有频率的影响。结果表明,考虑流固耦合作用时管道结构的固有频率下降明显,固有频率随壁厚和截面含气率的增加而增加,固有频率随管道长度、流体密度以及天然气流速的增加而降低。在实际气液两相流混输管道工程中应重视流固耦合作用对结构固有频率的影响。     

同步碎石下封层层间粘结性能影响因素研究

为提高半刚性基层沥青路面的使用寿命,文章通过制备"基层+透层+同步碎石下封层+沥青下面层"复合结构试件,采用斜剪试验研究同步碎石下封层层间抗剪强度,分析试验温度及材料组成对同步碎石下封层层间粘结性能的影响规律。结果表明:层间粘结性能随试验温度的升高显著下降,尤其低于45℃时表现明显;采用SBS改性沥青作封层油时粘结性能明显优于基质沥青,但温度提高时两者抗剪强度差值减小;沥青用量和集料撒布率增加时层间粘结性能先上升后下降,分别在用量1.6 kg/m~2和撒布率70%时效果最好,集料粒径增加时层间粘结性能则逐渐下降。     

公路隧道新型蓄能发光材料的制备方法及性能试验研究

新型蓄能发光材料的使用可为公路隧道节能照明、安全行车和空气环境的改善起到明显的促进作用。文章分别采用高温固相合成法和高温交联催化合成法制备两种新型蓄能发光材料,并进行了新型蓄能发光材料增光增亮、提高小物体可视距离以及负氧离子释放性能试验。试验结果表明,在相同条件下采用高温固相法和高温交联催化法制备的新型蓄能发光材料增光率分别为33.43%和4.28%,平均提高小物体可视距离分别为33.7 m和5.9 m,负氧离子释放量分别为1 084.4个/cm~3和137.4个/cm~3。新型蓄能发光材料更适合于采用高温固相法制备。     

沥青混凝土材料特性与其介电常数相关性研究

地质雷达作为一种快速、高效、无损的工程检测设备,已广泛应用于路面结构层厚度、基底脱空、隧道衬砌厚度等病害检测当中。在道路工程中,沥青混凝土作为现代道路路面的主要铺装材料,其密度、空隙率、压实度是路面质量控制的重要指标,本文通过开展沥青混凝土的材料特性和介电特性的试验研究,找出沥青混凝土的材料特性和介电特性的关系,并分析相关性,以期实现用地质雷达够用于沥青混凝土路面的质量控制当中,检测密度、空隙率、压实度等控制指标,对扩展地质雷达的使用范围,提高工程检测效率有重要的实践意义。     

乳化沥青冷再生混合料路用性能试验分析

文章阐述了乳化沥青冷再生混合料原材料的性能特点和参数指标,介绍了混合料的级配设计方案,并通过室内试验分析了厂拌RAP冷再生混合料的路用性能。试验结果表明:随着RAP使用量的增加,抗压回弹模量和抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度和破坏劲度模块、弯拉应变和弯拉强度等都呈下降的规律,但是随着RAP用量的增加,动稳定度却随之缩减,且渗水系数也随着RAP的缩减而呈现二次多项式增加;TSR随着RAP用量的增加而处于稳定的状态中,即冻融劈裂强度比在此环境内必为定值,然而却远远低于规范的技术标准;在同一温度下,劈裂抗拉强度和抗压回弹模量之间呈幂函数的关系变化式,最终需要根据材料的抗压回弹模量和劈裂抗拉强度将乳化沥青冷再生材料区分为主要的四类。     

化学成分对ERW油井管用J55热轧钢带组织性能的影响

设计了8种不同化学成分的J55钢,通过组织观察、性能检验等,分析、研究了化学成分对ERW油井管用J55热轧钢带组织性能的影响。结果表明:所有试验钢的焊缝质量均良好,具有良好的焊接性能;碳含量为0.10%时的组织为铁素体加极少量的细珠光体,随着碳含量的增加,珠光体的量增加,当碳含量增加至0.18%,为铁素体加珠光体组织;随着碳含量的增加,抗拉强度明显增加,屈服强度稍有增加,冲击功下降;当加入0.01%~0.04%V时,钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度均明显增加;添加一定的Cu、Ni时,强度增加,特别是屈服强度明显增加,冲击功稍有降低;钙处理钢的纯净度明显地高于稀土处理钢,其管坯超声波探伤合格率明显提高;随着硫含量的降低,冲击功明显增加,经深脱硫的钢超声波探伤合格率提高。     

道路工程用橡肢沥青材料性能优化研究

文章结合国内外采用的橡胶沥青评价体系，采用正交试验法对橡胶沥青材料性能的不同影响因素进行分析，得出橡胶沥青的最佳制备方案。并通过橡胶沥青与基质沥青及SBS改性沥青性能的对比，验证橡胶沥青材料具有明显的优化效果。     

半刚性基层材料抗弯拉模量衰变规律研究

半刚性基层材料在使用过程中强度和模量都会随着荷载作用次数的增加逐渐减小。为了对半刚性材料的抗弯拉性能的衰变进行研究,文章选取了四种典型半刚性基层材料为试验对象,研究半刚性基层材料弯拉模量的衰变过程。试验发现:四种半刚性材料的抗弯拉模量随着加载次数的增加不断减小,其模量衰变过程大致可分为三个阶段;不同类型材料的抗弯拉模量衰变规律以及不同衰变阶段的幅度有所不同;半刚性材料级配对其抗弯拉模量值有比较大的影响,但采用粘结料剂量相同,而级配不同,材料的模量衰变幅度、走势及衰变过程基本相同;混合料类型相同但是粘结料不同,其抗弯拉模量衰变过程也不同。     

硫酸盐/氯盐侵蚀下水泥胶砂力学性能研究

盐侵蚀对水泥混凝土的劣化作用主要表现为对水泥胶砂的劣化。采用标准ISO抗折强度和抗压强度试验研究不同浓度复合硫酸盐/氯盐侵蚀条件下,水泥胶砂浸泡不同周期的抗折强度和抗压强度;进一步分析水泥胶砂在不同浓度复合硫酸盐/氯盐侵蚀下力学性能的变化规律,并探讨盐蚀条件下水泥胶砂性能劣化机理。结果表明:在复合硫酸盐/氯盐侵蚀下,水泥胶砂力学性能发生不同程度劣化;随着硫酸盐浓度增加,劣化效果越明显,随着氯盐浓度增加,劣化效果有所减弱;盐溶液渗入水泥胶砂孔隙中发生化学侵蚀是导致水泥砂浆性能劣化的主要原因,而氯盐能一定程度上抑制硫酸盐的侵蚀。研究成果可为复合盐侵蚀地区抗侵蚀提供一定的基础。     

Experimental investigation of evaporation rate and exhaust emissions of diesel engine fuelled with cotton seed methyl ester and its blend with petro-diesel

An experimental study to measure the evaporation rates, engine performance and emission characteristics of cotton seed biodiesel (cotton seed oil methyl ester) and its blends in different volumetric proportions with diesel is presented. The thermo-physical properties of all the fuel blends have been measured and presented. Evaporation rates of neat cotton seed biodiesel, neat diesel and their bends have been measured under slow convective environment of air flowing with a constant temperature. Evaporation constants have been determined by using the droplet regression rate data. The neat fuels and fuel blends have been utilized in a test engine with different load conditions to evaluate the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the fuels. The specific fuel consumption values of the two blends, viz. B25 and B75 are found to be same. At the highest load, B0 records the lowest CO volume followed by B100. From the observed evaporation, performance and emissions characteristics, it is suggested that a blend of B50 and B75 can be optimally used in standard diesel engine settings.     

Performance and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine fuelled with butanol isomer-gasoline blends

The heavy reliance on petroleum-derived fuels such as gasoline in the transportation sector is one of the major causes of environmental pollution. For this reason, there is a critical need to develop cleaner alternative fuels. Butanol is an alcohol with four different isomers that can be blended with gasoline to produce cleaner alternative fuels because of their favourable physicochemical properties compared to ethanol. This study examined the effect of butanol isomer-gasoline blends on the performance and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine. The butanol isomers; n-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol and isobutanol are mixed with pure gasoline at a volume fraction of 20 vol%, and the physicochemical properties of these blends are measured. Tests are conducted on a SI engine at full throttle condition within an engine speed range of 1000–5000 rpm. The results show that there is a significant increase in the engine torque, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions with respect to those for pure gasoline. The butanol isomers-gasoline blends give slightly higher brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature than pure gasoline at higher engine speeds. The iBu20 blend (20 vol% of isobutanol in gasoline) gives the highest engine torque, brake power and brake thermal efficiency among all of the blends tested in this study. The isobutanol and n-butanol blend results in the lowest CO and HC emissions, respectively. In addition, all of the butanol isomer-gasoline blends yield lower NO emissions except for the isobutanol-gasoline blend.     

Effect on direct injection naturally aspirated diesel engine characteristics fuelled by pine oil,ceiba pentandra methyl ester compared with diesel

This paper explores the experimental investigation of the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of bio fuels from ceiba pentandra methyl ester (CPME), ceiba pentandra methyl ester-pine oil blends (CPMEP) and pine oil and the results are compared with diesel. In ceiba pentandra seed oil the CPME yield is 92% by using transesterification process with the optimum conditions of 560 rpm, reaction time 58 min, catalyst concentration 13 g and methanol amount 500 ml. The viscosity of CPME is high when compare with diesel. So the low viscosity of pine oil is blended with CPME and it can be directly used in diesel engine without any modification. At different loads the Pine oil, CPME and CPMEP blends were used in direct injection naturally aspirated compression ignition engine. The outcomes exhibited that at full load conditions for CPME and CPMEP blends increased brake specific fuel consumption, and decreased brake thermal efficiency, CO, HC emissions. NOx emissions decreased and smoke emissions are increased on CPME and CPMEP blends, expect B25 blend compared with diesel. The combustion analysis like the heat release rate, peak cylinder pressure, cumulative heat release rate and ignition delay for CPME, CPMEP blends slightly lower and combustion duration higher than diesel and pine oil. At the Same engine operating condition, the engine fuelled with pine oil the values of brake thermal efficiency 4.79%, peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and ignition delay are increased. Brake specific fuel consumption, CO, HC, and smoke were 9.46%, 16.66%, 14.89% and 8.33% decreased. However, the NOx emission is 8.29% higher than that of diesel. Experimental fuels up to B50 (50% pine oil and 50% CPME) blends have proved good potential for future energy is needed.     

Technical and environmental effects of biodiesel use in local public transport

Biodiesel use in local public transport could be especially significant in improving air quality in cities. The purpose of the experiments described in this paper was to evaluate the various (10, 20 and 50%) blends of biodiesel with diesel in the context of the engine and pollution aspects. As regards the experimental use of these findings on municipal buses, these experiments were the first reference in Hungary. The ages (15–20 years) and types of buses (Ikarus-280, Ikarus-260) used in the experiments are still common vehicles in Hungarian public transport. During our measurements, there was a significant difference between the change in fuel consumption of articulated and solo buses in traffic when compared to test bench measurements. The proportion of the engine performance reduction is nearly the same as that for biodiesel share in the blends. Most pollutants were decreasing (both at idle and full rpm), but this reduction is not directly proportional to the increase of the blending percentage. However, as for CO₂, emission increase was observed in the case of idle rpm in comparison to normal diesel operation, even though this phenomenon was not due to biodiesel use, but the catalytic converter and the fact that biodiesel was used for the first time in the engine concerned.     

架空蒸汽管线外表面传热系数修正研究

表面传热系数是计算架空蒸汽管线对流散热损失的关键参数,现有经验关联式认为其与环境风速等因素有关,但未考虑这些因素的具体影响。文中建立了蒸汽管线模型,采用流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟计算方法,分析了环境风速、管径对蒸汽管线表面传热系数的影响,修正了环境风速和管径因素的表面传热系数关联式,其拟合优度达到0.99以上。结果表明:环境风速增加,平均表面传热系数h数值最高增至31.28 W·m^-2·K^-1,且迎风面增速高于背风面;管线直径由0.16 m增至0.3 m,平均表面传热系数h降低14.41%。     

Determinants of the property damage costs of tanker accidents

This study investigates determinants of the vessel, oil cargo spillage, and other-property damage costs of tanker accidents. Tobit estimation of a three-equation recursive model suggests that, among types of tanker accidents, fire/explosion accidents incur the largest vessel damage costs, but the smallest oil cargo spillage costs. Alternatively, grounding accidents incur the smallest vessel damage costs, but the largest oil cargo spillage costs, reflecting the difficulty of controlling oil cargo spillage subsequent to such accidents. Also, oil cargo spillage costs are lower for US flag tanker accidents. A dollar of vessel damage cost increases other-property damage cost by $0.06, whereas a dollar of oil cargo spillage increases this cost by $1.55.     

移动荷载作用下水稳基层的疲劳分析

文章利用有限元软件Ansys对不同车速、轮胎接地应力、结构层厚度及模量情况下的水泥稳定基层进行了疲劳寿命影响分析。结果表明：（1）随着车速的增大,基层疲劳寿命不断增大;（2）随着轮胎接地应力的增大,基层疲劳寿命逐渐减小;（3）基层疲劳寿命随基层和面层厚度的增大均呈增大趋势;（4）基层疲劳寿命随基层模量的增大而不断增大,随面层模量的增大而逐渐减小。     

兰州地下轨道交通围岩热物理参数试验研究

地下轨道交通暖通空调系统的优化设计与地下轨道交通隧道围岩的热物理参数性质密切相关。文章以兰州地下轨道交通原状土样为研究对象,使用Hot Disk热常数分析仪探究了兰州地下轨道交通围岩的热物理性质。研究结果表明:兰州地下轨道交通围岩土样的导热系数随深度的增加而增加,深度13 m处的中砂层导热系数和热扩散系数最大,明显比其它深度处的黄土层和淤泥质土层的导热系数和热扩散系数大,而中砂层体积比热较小;围岩土样的导热系数随含水率增加呈线性增长,体积比热随含水率增加先降低后增高,热扩散系数随含水率增加先升高后缓慢降低。     

钢管三层PE防腐技术兼容泡沫夹克保温管成型生产工艺

主要讨论使用钢管三层PE防腐生产线兼容泡沫夹克保温管成型技术.该生产线是一条可以完成三层PE防腐和泡沫夹克保温管生产的多功能生产线,可生产三层PE、FBE、三层PP和泡沫夹克等多种结构防腐保温管,并使产品最终满足相关标准的要求.     

Multi-agent simulation of adoption of alternative fuels

We have formalized and parameterized a model for the production of six transport fuels and six fuels blends from six feedstocks through 13 different production chains, and their adoption of by 11 distinct subpopulations of motorists. The motorists are represented by agents that use heuristics to choose a fuel on the basis of three attributes and a social feedback loop. Adoption of specific fuels is mostly driven by price differences, but other factors play a role if prices are similar. The results are not always intuitive and do not always show up immediately. We find that sustained combinations of interventions are required to bring about a transition away from petrol or diesel. Adoption of alternative fuels was most often confined to niche markets with a share of 5% or lower. Only in a single case was a complete fuel transition observed.