基于向量投影响应面法的隧道围岩变形稳定可靠度分析

围岩变形稳定是保证隧道施工安全的重要因素,由于影响围岩变形稳定因素众多,围岩变形稳定功能函数一般为隐式或为高度非线性,而采用向量投影响应面法可使计算简化且精度可得到保证。为了应用可靠度理论判定围岩变形稳定性,文章以Mohr-Coulomb强度理论作为围岩屈服条件求得的圆形隧道围岩位移解析解作为围岩位移函数,将圆形隧道毛洞围岩表面刚好达到剪切塑性极限时的洞顶沉降位移作为围岩变形的极限位移,建立了圆形隧道围岩变形稳定功能函数。利用向量投影取样法,通过响应面函数的梯度投影确定取样点,求解响应面函数,再用一次二阶矩法计算了某圆形隧道的围岩变形稳定可靠指标,并和蒙特卡洛法计算结果进行了对比,根据可靠指标对该隧道围岩变形稳定性进行了评定。     

前伏溶洞巷道开挖突水数值模拟研究

为研究前伏溶洞对巷道开挖围岩稳定性的影响,文章结合工程实例,采用FLAC~(3D)建立考虑渗流-应力-损伤相互影响的数值模型,分析了溶洞巷道围岩在开挖过程中应力、变形、塑性区以及渗流场的变化特征。分析结果表明:(1)当工作面靠近溶洞时,溶洞对巷道前方岩体的分区破裂损伤现象有一定的抑制作用;(2)随着工作面距溶洞距离的减小,巷道工作面岩体最大位移将逐渐增大并出现"突变"特征,同时最大位移位置也会随着涌水通道的变化而不断变化;(3)当防水岩柱小于一定厚度时,前伏溶洞巷道围岩涌水量将会突然增大,表现出明显的突水现象;(4)巷道围岩渗流与渗透系数变化是导致前伏溶洞巷道突然发生坍塌、掉块以及突水的根本原因。     

基于Zienkiewicz-Pande准则的隧道/巷道围岩弹塑性分析

Zienkiewicz-Pande准则是Mohr-Coulomb准则的改进。文章基于Zienkiewicz-Pande屈服准则,考虑中间主应力作用的影响,通过结合平衡方程推导出了隧道/巷道围岩弹塑性应力、塑性区半径及位移的解析解。在此基础之上给出了具体算例,分析了中间主应力对Zienkiewicz-Pande准则解的影响,最终分别基于Zienkiewicz-Pande准则和Mohr-Coulomb准则对塑性区半径和围岩应力分布进行对比分析。研究结果表明,Zienkiewicz-Pande准则适用于隧道/巷道围岩的弹塑性分析,合理地选用Zienkiewicz-Pande准则对于工程实践具有较大的参考价值。     

岩土介质中圆形隧洞围岩压力理论分析进展

无限岩土介质中静水压力作用下圆形隧洞围岩的应力位移分析是地下工程的一个经典问题.文章以材料模型为主线,结合不同的屈服准则和塑性流动法则,对近年来求解该问题解析解或闭合解的文献和取得的成果进行了系统的归纳总结和评述;重点介绍了常见的弹性-理想塑性模型、弹-脆-塑性模型和弹性-应变软化模型及其结合Mohr-Coulomb准则和Hoek-Brown准则得到的主要分析结果;同时介绍了弹-塑-脆-塑性模型、黏弹性模型等材料模型的最新研究进展.     

深埋高地应力水工隧洞节理岩体开挖塑性区特征及分布规律研究

深埋高地应力水工隧洞处于复杂的地质力学环境中,开挖过程中围岩塑性区的分布及演化规律是隧洞稳定控制的关键。为了揭示高地应力水工隧洞开挖塑性区特征及分布规律,文章采用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法,推导了塑性区范围的计算公式,并引入新的无量纲参数作为非圆形隧洞围岩塑性区的评价指标,分析了节理岩体在高地应力条件下,侧压力系数以及开挖扰动对围岩塑性区的影响。研究结果表明,开挖扰动对于岩体开挖塑性区发展的轴向影响范围大约为1.0～1.5倍洞径,对于存在节理面的岩体,该影响范围可达到2倍洞径。侧压力系数直接影响围岩的塑性区形状,围岩塑性区有顺着节理面进行不规则扩展的趋势;水平应力与垂直应力差异性越大,节理面对围岩塑性区范围的影响越大,同时节理面有阻止塑性区沿垂直节理面方向扩展的作用。     

浅谈分离式隧道合理净距

文章以某山岭隧道为研究背景,采用数值试验的方法,分析了不同间距下的分离式隧道围岩塑性区分布范围、岩柱体应力状态以及围岩变形量的变化规律,以及不同间距对隧道围岩稳定性的影响,提出了分离式平行隧道合理间距的范围。     

兰渝铁路高地应力软岩隧道挤压大变形规律及分级标准研究

软岩隧道在高地应力作用下产生挤压大变形是必然现象。为有效控制挤压大变形,文章结合兰渝铁路软岩隧道工程特性,基于均质地层圆形洞室弹塑性位移解析解和我国现行规范围岩参数,研究了软岩隧道挤压大变形的规律,并提出了大变形分级标准及相应防治措施。在Hoek提出的无支护条件下围岩挤压程度分级标准基础上,以兰渝铁路软岩隧道为工程背景,考虑支护抗力作用,提出了在设计阶段以相对变形和岩体强度应力比为分级指标,将挤压大变形分为三个等级,根据岩体强度应力比进行大变形预测;在施工阶段以变形量和变形速率为分级指标,提出了三级验证标准和变形管理基准以及设计和施工阶段相应防治措施。通过实践验证,隧道大变形得以控制。     

深部极软岩巷道补充锚注加固机理及应用

文章采用有限差分软件FLAC~(2D),对深部极软岩巷道进行辅助锚注支护前后围岩变形破坏规律进行了数值模拟,对锚注支护施作前后锚杆的锚固力、围岩的位移及塑性区的变化情况等进行了系统对比。结果表明,辅助锚注支护显著提高了围岩的强度和承载能力,有效地控制了深部极软岩巷道的围岩变形。     

基于FLAC3D的层面产状对软岩隧道变形的影响研究

为研究层面产状对软岩隧道变形的影响,文章依托某层状软岩地层的高速公路隧道实际工程,通过FLAC3D软件进行建模与计算,分析不同岩层产状下对围岩变形与应力的变化规律,得到如下结论:(1)围岩变形的主方向随层面产状的变化存在不同程度偏转,随层面倾角增大逐渐从以竖向变形为主过渡到以水平变形为主,围岩的变形方向垂直于层面时变形值最大;(2)随着与洞壁距离的增大,围岩的径向应力逐渐增大,切向应力先增大后减小,切向应力较大的区域围岩出现塑性区,且由于洞壁附近围岩的切向应力远大于围岩的径向应力,存在较大的压力差,导致洞壁附近的围岩发生塑性变形,甚至产生剪切破坏。     

巷道注浆加固围岩稳定参数敏感性分析

在玲珑金矿工程地质调查研究等前期工作的基础上,将围岩参数弹性模量E、泊松比μ、内聚力C、内摩擦角Φ,以及注浆压力P和注浆时间t作为围岩稳定影响因素,采用无量纲化的敏感性分析方法,通过数值模拟得到各参数条件下巷道二期注浆开挖施工过程中围岩右边墙和底部的位移,进而计算和分析注浆加固过程中各围岩参数及注浆参数对巷道稳定性的影响,以指导巷道开挖、加固与治理.     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

Modular route bus design – A method of meeting transport operation and vehicle manufacturing requirements

This research examines the problem of route bus specification and vehicle manufacturability. In order for bus operators to provide transport services, a range of vehicle configurations must be available from bus manufacturers, generating variety which has a negative impact on the manufacturing process. Larger part inventories, uncontrolled labour tasks and more troublesome maintenance are known impacts of this variety. This research identifies the functional necessities in route bus interior design and reduces the problems in bus manufacture and operation caused by specification diversity by proposing a modularised system of bus design. In particular, it makes recommendations as to how bus configuration should be carried out, ensuring an optimum mix of operational and manufacturing needs:

• 1.Determine user needs before the bus specification process.
• 2.Designs to be developed by the manufacturer in response to user needs.
• 3.This design should be standardised where possible, as suggested by the user needs.
• 4.Where user needs dictate product variations, apply a mass customisation approach to accommodate these needs.

The recommendations are communicated in design proposals for a modular bus interior, demonstrated by four cases designed to meet the present status quo of bus interior design and predictions for the future of the field.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.