基于卡尔曼滤波法修正的灰色系统理论在桥梁施工控制中的应用

文章运用卡尔曼滤波法修正的灰色系统理论对桥梁悬臂施工过程中出现的节段挠度实测值与设计值不一致的情况进行分析修正,并以某预应力混凝土连续梁结构为工程实例,运用灰色系统控制理论以及卡尔曼滤波法修正的灰色系统理论分别对其进行挠度的预测,结果表明:经过卡尔曼滤波修正的灰色系统理论能够更有效地减小预测值与实测值的偏差,更好地对成桥线形进行控制。     

浅谈水运建设工程人工单价调整思路

文章通过对人工费单价的数据分析,探讨定额人工单价与最低工资标准、社会平均工资增长率及建设市场人工工资的关系,提出了水运建设工程人工单价调整的思路。     

公路建设管理单位新增缺项单价分析方法的探讨研究

公路工程项目一般因为建设周期长、路线跨越地区多,极易受所在地的地质条件、土地资源,及当地政府的干预和影响,在建设过程中难免出现施工合同变更,一般多因工程变更、补充设计等原因出现新增缺项,此时就需要进行单价分析重新确定单价。新增缺项单价编制方法与公路工程清单预算编制流程基本一致,但由于新增缺项单价出现于施工过程中,因此分析时需要注意先调整取费程序使其与招标控制价取费程序一致,然后在预算书中进行新增缺项单价组价,组价时材料价格应取用与招标控制价同期的《青海省公路工程造价管理信息》中的价格,这样才能得到更加合理准确的单价。本文详细介绍了工程变更新增缺项单价组价方法新增知识,为项目建设管理人员审核工程变更新增缺项单价提供了思路。     

探地雷达在隧道检测中里程偏差修正方法探讨

文章针对探地雷达在隧道质量检测中由于天线行走速度不一或检测人员打标记不及时产生的里程偏差,建立了检测里程与实际里程之间关系的数学模型,利用该模型对检测里程进行修正,可使检测结果回归到真实的里程.     

公路工程概预算中材料单价的计算

材料单价的计算直接影响工程造价的高低。详细论述了公路工程概、预算编制过程中材料单价的组成及计算方法。     

HFETR二次水超声波流量偏小原因分析

在设备运行中发现HFETR二次冷却水超声波流量计测量值比文丘里式流量计偏低。为了满足冗余性、多样性的设计原则,对HFETR二次冷却水设计了两套不同原理的流量测量装置。从超声波流量计的原理分析出由于HFETR二次水含沙量高,造成声波传播速度比理想情况下水中的传播速度高,使超声波流量计测量的流量偏低。通过引入修正因子可以消除偏差。     

双层盾构隧道内部预制拼装车道结构拼装偏差分析及对策

盾构隧道为纵向柔性结构,存在错台、轴线偏差等现象,与预制化高精度施工要求相驳。通常结合盾构隧道同步施工工艺,通过现浇带、找平层来修正、消除盾构变形偏差,即形成"主体预制+少量现浇"的整体式预制拼装结构。但是,盾构隧道内部空间十分有限,过多的现浇带、过厚的找平层,不仅经济性、时效性差,还占用宝贵的内部空间。所以,需合理设置现浇带、找平层,使其既能满足消除盾构隧道纵向不均匀变形的需求,又不过多地占用空间。因此,文章基于上海诸光路通道实测轴线偏差值及相关文献资料,分析盾构隧道纵向不均匀变形的特征,并结合施工工艺,得出盾构隧道内预制拼装车道结构消除盾构隧道纵向不均匀变形的合理方案,以及合理的找平层厚度取值。结果表明:上层预制车道结构通过现浇植筋基座消除绝大部分的盾构隧道纵向不均匀变形,少量纵向不均匀变形及拼装偏差由找平层来消除;下层预制车道结构通过找平层消除盾构隧道纵向不均匀变形及拼装偏差;上、下层预制车道结构合理的找平层厚度取值分别为100 mm和130 mm。     

标准管件壁厚系列号的选择

压力管道设计中选择标准系列号SCH(Schedule Numbers)是经常遇到的问题。综述了钢管系列号SCH的产生过程，指出系列号SCH只是用于编排钢管壁厚顺序的简便标志系统，修正过的计算管壁厚度的巴洛(Barlow)公式的计算值与现在通常使用的钢管壁厚偏差较大，没有达到早期的意图。指出管件许用压力额定值应按相同材料的直无缝钢管计算。     

地铁结构安全评估指标体系的初步研究

按照指标体系中评价指标的选取原则,在对影响地铁结构安全的因素进行充分分析的基础上,确定了适于上海软土地区的、能够全面反映盾构隧道结构受力特点的、并综合考虑使用功能的评估指标;确立运营期地铁结构安全评估指标体系;利用模糊综合评判、层次分析法和模式识别理论,建立了地铁结构安全评价模型;并通过典型实例进行定量化综合分析评价。通过运营期地铁结构安全评估指标体系和评价方法的研究和探索,对正确评价地铁结构运营安全现状、修正偏差、提高地铁系统安全总体水平具有十分重要的意义。     

浅析公路工程变更项目单价的确定方法

根据交通运输部有关计价依据的规定,结合工程项目实例,对工程变更项目单价的确定方法进行简要阐述。     

用计算机加全站仪提高横断面测量精度和效率方法

文章针对在公路横断面测量中,用水准仪、经纬仪测量效率较低,测量数据存在偏差的问题,分析产生偏差的原因,介绍利用计算机加全站仪架设任一点标定中桩横断面线测量断面的方法,并通过案例解析,该方法测量的精度及效率。     

燃气调压器声发射信号特征与流量关系分析

文中提取燃气调压器声发射信号的标准差、峭度这两个时域特征及重心频率、均方根频率这两个频域特征,分析特征与流量的对应关系,使用相关系数进行评价。基于北京某调压站采集的声发射信号及流量数据,实验结果表明,流量与标准差、峭度、重心频率、均方根频率的相关系数分别为0.8192、0.2889、0.7745、0.641。可见标准差、重心频率及均方根频率与流量相关性较强,峭度与流量相关性较弱。     

Study on mean-standard deviation shortest path problem in stochastic and time-dependent networks: A stochastic dominance based approach

This paper studies a mean-standard deviation shortest path model, also called travel time budget (TTB) model. A route’s TTB is defined as this route’s mean travel time plus a travel time margin, which is the route travel time’s standard deviation multiplied with a factor. The TTB model violates the Bellman’s Principle of Optimality (BPO), making it difficult to solve it in any large stochastic and time-dependent network. Moreover, it is found that if path travel time distributions are skewed, the conventional TTB model cannot reflect travelers’ heterogeneous risk-taking behavior in route choice. This paper proposes to use the upper or lower semi-standard deviation to replace the standard deviation in the conventional TTB model (the new models are called derived TTB models), because these derived TTB models can well capture such heterogeneous risk-taking behavior when the path travel time distributions are skewed. More importantly, this paper shows that the optimal solutions of these two derived TTB models must be non-dominated paths under some specific stochastic dominance (SD) rules. These finding opens the door to solve these derived TTB models efficiently in large stochastic and time-dependent networks. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate these findings.     

A microscopic analysis of speed deviation impacts on lane-changing behavior

Driving behavior models that capture drivers’ tactical maneuvering decisions in different traffic conditions are essential to microscopic traffic simulation systems. This paper focuses on a parameter that has a great impact on road users’ aggressive overtaking maneuvers and directly affects lane-changing models (an integral part of microscopic traffic simulation models), namely, speed deviation. The objective of this research is to investigate the impacts of speed deviation in terms of performance measures (delay time, network mean speed, and travel time duration) and the number of lane-change maneuvers using the Aimsun traffic simulator. Following calibration of the model for a section of urban highway in Tehran, this paper explores the sensitivity of lane-changing maneuvers during different speed deviations by conducting two types of test. Simulation results show that, by decreasing speed deviation, the number of lane changes reduces remarkably and so network safety increases, thus reducing travel time due to an increase in network mean speed.     

矮塔斜拉桥施工阶段线形敏感性分析

文章以某双塔单索面预应力混凝土矮塔斜拉桥为工程背景,研究矮塔斜拉桥施工阶段线形对结构自重偏差、混凝土受力龄期、系统温差、索塔温度梯度、主梁梁温度梯度、索梁温差、斜拉索张拉力偏差、主梁预应力张拉力偏差等参数的敏感性,并引入敏感性评价参数α,合理评价各种参数对施工阶段桥梁线形的影响程度。研究结果表明:温度作用对施工阶段桥梁线形影响较大,矮塔斜拉桥的施工监控应加强温度监测;主梁自重偏差对施工阶段桥梁线形也影响较大,施工中应严格控制混凝土方量误差。     

盾构隧道通用楔形管片排版系统的核心算法研究

盾构隧道通用楔形管片是通过前后两环的相对旋转来拟合线路中的直线和曲线要素,简化了模板设计,通用性强、质量容易保证。通用楔形管片拼装设计的关键是根据线路的平、竖曲线要素和偏差要求确定环宽和楔形量,而每一环衬砌的偏差计算是通过排版来实现的。文章对通用楔形管片排版的主要步骤和核心算法作了介绍,其中包括平、竖曲线上的坐标法定点算法、线路上理想点的二分法求值算法,以及空间任意点绕任意轴旋转的计算机图形学算法。文章最后介绍了一个盾构区间隧道的排版过程及结果。     

Experimental and empirical investigations of traffic flow instability

Traffic instability is an important but undesirable feature of traffic flow. This paper reports our experimental and empirical studies on traffic flow instability. We have carried out a large scale experiment to study the car-following behavior in a 51-car-platoon. The experiment has reproduced the phenomena and confirmed the findings in our previous 25-car-platoon experiment, i.e., standard deviation of vehicle speeds increases in a concave way along the platoon. Based on our experimental results, we argue that traffic speed rather than vehicle spacing (or density) might be a better indicator of traffic instability, because vehicles can have different spacing under the same speed. For these drivers, there exists a critical speed between 30 km/h and 40 km/h, above which the standard deviation of car velocity is almost saturated (flat) along the 51-car-platoon, indicating that the traffic flow is likely to be stable. In contrast, below this critical speed, traffic flow is unstable and can lead to the formation of traffic jams. Traffic data from the Nanjing Airport Highway support the experimental observation of existence of a critical speed. Based on these findings, we propose an alternative mechanism of traffic instability: the competition between stochastic factors and the so-called speed adaptation effect, which can better explain the concave growth of speed standard deviation in traffic flow.     

Finding the most reliable path with and without link travel time correlation: A Lagrangian substitution based approach

Path travel time reliability is an essential measure of the quality of service for transportation systems and an important attribute in travelers’ route and departure time scheduling. This paper investigates a fundamental problem of finding the most reliable path under different spatial correlation assumptions, where the path travel time variability is represented by its standard deviation. To handle the non-linear and non-additive cost functions introduced by the quadratic forms of the standard deviation term, a Lagrangian substitution approach is adopted to estimate the lower bound of the most reliable path solution through solving a sequence of standard shortest path problems. A subgradient algorithm is used to iteratively improve the solution quality by reducing the optimality gap. To characterize the link travel time correlation structure associated with the end-to-end trip time reliability measure, this research develops a sampling-based method to dynamically construct a proxy objective function in terms of travel time observations from multiple days. The proposed algorithms are evaluated under a large-scale Bay Area, California network with real-world measurements.     

Finding the k reliable shortest paths under travel time uncertainty

This paper investigates the problem of finding the K reliable shortest paths (KRSP) in stochastic networks under travel time uncertainty. The KRSP problem extends the classical K loopless shortest paths problem to the stochastic networks by explicitly considering travel time reliability. In this study, a deviation path approach is established for finding K α-reliable paths in stochastic networks. A deviation path algorithm is proposed to exactly solve the KRSP problem in large-scale networks. The A^* technique is introduced to further improve the KRSP finding performance. A case study using real traffic information is performed to validate the proposed algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm can determine KRSP under various travel time reliability values within reasonable computational times. The introduced A^* technique can significantly improve KRSP finding performance.     

Generating synthetic baseline populations from register data

The paper presents a population synthesiser based on the method of Iterative Proportional Fitting (IPF) algorithm developed for the new Danish national transport model system. The synthesiser is designed for large population matrices and allows target variables to be represented in several target constraints. As a result, constraints for the IPF are cross-linked, which makes it difficult to ensure consistency of targets in a forecast perspective. The paper proposes a new solution strategy to ensure internal consistency of the population targets in order to guarantee proper convergence of the IPF algorithm. The solution strategy consists in establishing a harmonisation process for the population targets, which combined with a linear programming approach, is applied to generate a consistent target representation. The model approach is implemented and tested on Danish administrative register data. A test on historical census data shows that a 2006 population could be predicted by a 1994 population with an overall percentage deviation of 5-6% given that targets were known. It is also indicated that the deviation is approximately a linear function of the length of the forecast period.