海底柔性管道技术研究

随着海洋油气勘探开发的发展,柔性管道得到越来越广泛的应用。文中介绍了柔性管道的分类及结构,重点描述了粘结和无粘结柔性管道,无粘结柔性管道是目前国外发展趋势和研究重点。阐述了柔性管道的技术优势以及适用范围,同时介绍了柔性管道的发展状况、设计准则以及国外的主要制造厂商。国内柔性管道技术与世界先进水平之间还存在较大的差距,采用无粘结技术以及适用超深水环境将是国内未来深水海底柔性管道技术发展的方向。     

基于ANSYS二次开发的海洋立管提吊强度分析

海洋立管形式复杂多样,建立通用的有限元模型比较困难.安装过程中,必须考虑海洋立管提吊的强度.基于ANSYS二次开发语言UIDL和APDL,开发了海洋立管提吊的专用模块.采用UIDL开发界面,应用APDL语言编写命令流,实现了多种复杂形式的立管提吊分析模型建立及强度计算功能,解决了计算过程中刚度矩阵奇异性问题.工程实例计...     

“工厂法”沉管隧道早期性能的足尺试验研究

由于沉管隧道管段体积大、结构形式复杂、施工工艺复杂,容易因温度、收缩以及约束等原因,造成管段结构在预制阶段出现危害性裂缝,进而影响结构的服役性能和耐久性能。文章依托在建港珠澳大桥沉管隧道工程实例,开展了足尺试验,对"工厂法"沉管管节关键部位的温度和应变发展实施了监测,分析对比了温度发展规律和应变发展规律。分析结果表明:在早期因混凝土水化热引起温度上升,整个管段结构膨胀受拉,温度到达峰值后逐渐下降,结构也收缩恢复;但由于混凝土自收缩等因素的存在,结构最终收缩受压。研究所提供的试验结果可作为深入进行数值分析的一个基础。     

大中型悬索管道跨越结构清管动力响应分析

大中型管桥是油气输送管道系统中的关键部位，呈现高次超静定、高柔性的结构特点，清管过程中形成的积液将在管桥处产生强烈的冲击动载荷作用，破坏管桥结构的稳定性。考虑悬索管道跨越结构恒载产生的初始内力、拉索垂度等几何非线性因素，将塔架简化为变截面梁，建立了悬索管桥清管动力分析有限元模型。按照管桥积液流动具有的移动荷栽一时间历程的特性，采用荷载步施加移动载荷。结合实例分析了不同清管工况条件下悬索管桥跨越结构的振动位移、临界积液长度以及临界清管速度，从而为安全清管作业提供指导依据。     

沉管隧道管节柔性接头模型研究现状及展望

沉管隧道柔性接头柔度较大,能够适应软弱河床引起的不均匀沉降,并满足抗震要求,在实际工程中应用广泛。然而,柔性接头部件繁多,作用复杂,模型建立较为困难,造成沉管隧道静力及动力分析结果不准确。文章介绍了沉管隧道管节接头类型及柔性接头基本构造,从理论计算模型和数值计算模型两方面对国内外研究现状进行了回顾总结,简述了多种柔性接头模型作用机理,分析其合理性及不足之处,并对今后柔性接头模型研究提出了建议,包括:尝试采用接头模型试验研究方法,使结果更为直观;考虑主要接头部件,添加合理初始条件,建议采用数值解对柔性接头刚度进行描述;采用多种研究方法对比分析或多种接头模型对比分析,验证接头模型的可靠性。     

连云港北固山隧道结构耐久性设计

连云港北固山隧道出口滨临海港,所处环境极为复杂,隧道结构耐久性问题突出。文章针对各种不同环境下隧道结构耐久性设计进行了较为全面的分析,分别介绍了初期支护、二次衬砌混凝土材料的耐久性要求和设计标准,以及海洋氯化物环境下的结构耐久性检验。     

海洋立管氯丁橡胶涂层包覆工艺与质量控制

为解决海洋飞溅区立管微生物腐蚀问题,针对海洋飞溅区立管的腐蚀防护特点,提出了一种海洋飞溅区立管防海生物附着的氯丁橡胶涂层结构,并针对该结构提出了一种氯丁橡胶涂层包覆工艺,同时分析了涂层包覆过程中的关键质量控制点。通过对涂层包覆工艺及关键质量控制点的分析,找出了涂层包覆过程中最容易出现的质量问题,提出了预防方法及解决措施。     

国产柔性管道浅海铺设技术研究与应用

依托JZ9-3W油田建设工程,结合国产柔性管道本身特性和所依托油田海域条件,对柔性管道铺设工艺、专用滚筒以及铺设后的检试验方法等进行研究,以达到在海洋利用国产柔性管道来输送油、气及水的设想,旨在降低海上石油开发成本,提高油田开发效率和效益。该技术已经成功应用于工程实践,可以为今后海底国产柔性管道铺设施工提供指导。     

柔性膨胀弯安装技术研究

柔性管在运输、安装、维保等方面有着明显的优势,使用柔性管可以显著降低施工成本。文中重点介绍了柔性膨胀弯安装过程中的膨胀弯吊装、法兰组对及路由调整,此项技术在JZ9-3油田SLPW至WHPE平台柔性膨胀弯管更换项目中应用。     

深圳地铁会展中心站—市民中心站区间隧道治水防水施工技术

本文介绍了在深圳地铁会展中心站－市民中心站区间施工中，采取的超前管井降水和深层搅拌桩结合的治水原则，以及结构自防水同柔性防水层联合防水的防水措施。解决了在地质条件复杂，地下水丰富的条件下，隧道施工的安全以及结构渗漏水难题。对今后类似工程有一定的借鉴作用。     

Methodology and results of the evaluation of alternative short tests applied in inspection and maintenance programmes

The aim of this paper is to present a methodology for the evaluation of the effectiveness of alternative short tests that could be applied in an inspection and maintenance programme. The basis for the evaluation, apart from the environmental benefits, is the social and political acceptance that constitutes crucial parameters in the implementation of a short test. The methodology has been applied to a large sample of three way catalyst equipped vehicles representative of the European fleet and the effectiveness of 10 alternative short tests has been evaluated. The short tests include transient and steady state (both loaded and unloaded) procedures, as well as the idle test of the current European legislation. The steady state tests find it difficult to identify high emitters, approximately 15% are detected, and as a result the predicted potential for environmental benefit is less than 5% for all pollutants. The transient tests, on the other hand, seem to be able to identify approximately 70% of gross emitters and therefore the emission reduction potential is predicted to be as high as 20% for all pollutants.     

Failure rates and data driven policies for vehicle safety inspections in Pennsylvania

Rail, truck, commercial bus, and aircraft have federally mandated safety inspection programs in the United States, while inspections of personal vehicles, which make up the majority of passenger miles, are optionally imposed at the state level. In recent years, some states have chosen to eliminate the vehicle safety inspection program because of budget constraints and concerns about program effectiveness. Currently, 26 states have a schedule for conducting safety inspections, but Pennsylvania is one of thirteen states that currently require all personal light duty vehicles to be inspected every year. The remaining states have completely eliminated safety inspection programs. However, as automobiles become safer, Pennsylvania legislators are now pushing to phase out the inspection program to reduce the costs of owning a vehicle. This study combines Pennsylvania vehicle registration data with two large samples of results from state safety inspections. We find that the state safety inspection fail rate for light-duty vehicles is 12–18%, well above the often-cited rate of 2%. Vehicles that are older than three years old or have more than about 30,000 miles can have much higher rates. When analyzing new vehicles, less than or equal to one year old, it is found that even these vehicles have a failure rate greater than zero. Furthermore, while the vehicle fleet appears to be getting safer over the past few years by improvements in technology or other external circumstances, the inspection failure rate does not appear to be trending toward zero in the near future. We also show that accurate inspection data is limited and often incorrectly analyzed. Lastly, the importance of vehicle maintenance over a vehicle’s lifetime is proven to be evident, since regular usage causes vehicles to deteriorate. We conclude that vehicle safety inspections should continue to be implemented in order to keep driving conditions safe.     

A study of economic efficiency in port security inspection

The purpose of this paper is to study an economic efficiency for the prediction of additional truck turnaround time and for determining the number of the port security inspection equipment required at a terminal inspection station. The economic efficiency with six base models was developed to assist terminal operators' decision‐making. In addition, this study developed an optimal procedure that terminal operators could use to optimally run in terms of various statistics processes including exponential, deterministic, and others, seeking a solution that was beneficial for both terminal operators and truckers. As a result of this research of the additional cargo turnaround time for port security delay, the following conclusion can be drawn and made. The average additional delay time in the inspection station is very dependent on the inspection rate of the lower stage. The higher weighted inspection time based on raising security level allows less number of trucks to be inspected, which will derive high delay in the inspection station. Increase of rate of Green Lane usage will allow a decrease in the arrival rate, which may derive improvement of inspection equipment efficiency and average delay time at the inspection station. In multiple stage model, total number of trucks and delay time very closely follow those of low inspection stage rate and number of inspection units. Free Lane is to be followed by Customs‐Trade Partnership Against Terrorism and standardization of customs, packing, loading and unloading, documents, procedure, and exchange working in each country. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transit stop inspection and maintenance scheduling: A GPU accelerated metaheuristics approach

Bus stops are integral elements of a transit system and as such, their efficient inspection and maintenance is required, for proper and attractive transit operations. Nevertheless, spatial dispersion and the extensive number of bus stops, even for mid-size transit systems, complicates scheduling of inspection and maintenance tasks. In this context, the problem of scheduling transit stop inspection and maintenance activities (TSIMP) by a two-stage optimization approach, is formulated and discussed. In particular, the first stage involves districting of the bus stop locations into areas of responsibility for different inspection and maintenance crews (IMCs), while in the second stage, determination of the sequence of bus stops to be visited by an IMC is modelled as a vehicle routing problem. Given the complexity of proposed optimization models, advanced versions of different metaheuristic algorithms (Harmony Search and Ant Colony Optimization) are exploited and assessed as possible options for solving these models. Furthermore, two variants of ACO are implemented herein; one implemented into a CPU parallel computing environment along with an accelerated one by means of general-purpose graphics processing unit (GPGPU) computing. The model and algorithms are applied to the Athens (Greece) bus system, whose extensive number of transit stops (over 7500) offers a real-world test bed for assessing the potential of the proposed modelling approach and solution algorithms. As it was shown for the test example examined, both algorithms managed to achieve optimized solutions for the problem at hand while there were fund robust with respect to their algorithmic parameters. Furthermore, the use of graphics processing units (GPU) managed to reduce of computational time required.     

Capacity investment model for airport facilities under demand uncertainty

This paper addresses strategic airport facility planning under demand uncertainty. Existing studies are improved by (1) allowing capacity contraction and (2) adopting more flexible delay functions. A mixed‐integer nonlinear program, which incorporates scale economies in construction, time value of money, nonlinear congestion effect, and other factors, is proposed for optimizing the capacity expansion/contraction decisions over time for multiple airport components. The stochastic problem is converted into its deterministic equivalent because the number of demand scenarios considered is finite. A discrete approximation technique is used to remove the nonlinearities. Numerical studies are presented to demonstrate the capability of the proposed model and the computational efficiency of the solution method. The “Flaw of Averages” due to faulty decisions based on the average future condition is illustrated, and trade‐offs among various costs are discussed in the numerical analyses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新型管道环焊缝相控阵超声检测设备的研制

目前,相控阵超声检测技术在国内长输管道环焊缝检测中得到了广泛应用,由于专用相控阵检测电缆在施工中容易损坏,使得设备维护成本高昂。在已有的相控阵技术研究基础上,设计了新型管道环焊缝相控阵超声检测设备,使超声采集单元及电机驱动控制单元小型化,安装在扫查器上,采集的超声信号经网线传输到笔记本电脑,实现全自动超声检测功能。经现场试验测试,设备性能满足《管道对接环焊缝全自动超声波检测标准》要求。     

管道通径仪仿真牵拉实验系统

介绍了管道内检测通径仪仿真牵拉实验系统的组成及工作原理,并通过大量实验证明该仿真实验系统可以有效地对通径仪各种工作性能进行验证,解决了进行实际牵拉实验困难的问题,对管道内检测设备在进行管道现场工业施工过程中准确地测量管道里程起着关键作用,从而在进行管道维修开挖时能够更准确,明显减小了管道维修开挖的误差。     

国外管道漏磁检测技术分析

管道在线检测是采集管道缺陷信息,及时发现管道存在的风险,降低管道事故可能性的有效手段。根据对管道完整性存在威胁的不同数据类型,国外在线检测主要分为漏磁检测（MFL）、超声波壁厚检测、超声波裂纹检测、涡电流检测、电磁检测和惯量检测,其中惯量检测是对管道中心线移动情况的检测。在对这几种检测方法功能对比分析的基础上,介绍了国外漏磁检测技术所用工具的类型,分析了漏磁检测技术对各种缺陷的判断能力,得出漏磁检测法具有更好更全面的检测能力,适用于管壁缺陷的检测。     

An exploration of the relationships between socioeconomics,land use and daily trip chain pattern among low-income residents

Daily trip chain complexity and type choices of low-income residents are examined based on activity travel diary survey data in Nanjing, China. Statistical tests reveal that non-work trip chain complexity is distinctly distinct between low-income residents and non-low-income residents. Low-income residents are inclined to make simple non-work chains. Two types of econometric models, a stereotype logit model and mixed logit model, are then developed to investigate the possible explanatory variables affecting their trip pattern. The number of stops within a chain and chain types are considered as dependent variables, while independent variables include household and personal characteristics as well as land use variables. Results show that once convenient and flexible conditions are supplied, low-income residents are more likely to make multiple activities in a trip chain. Areas with high population and employment densities are associated with complex work trip chains and more non-work activity involvement.     

Accounting for stochastic variables in discrete choice models

The estimation of discrete choice models requires measuring the attributes describing the alternatives within each individual’s choice set. Even though some attributes are intrinsically stochastic (e.g. travel times) or are subject to non-negligible measurement errors (e.g. waiting times), they are usually assumed fixed and deterministic. Indeed, even an accurate measurement can be biased as it might differ from the original (experienced) value perceived by the individual.Experimental evidence suggests that discrepancies between the values measured by the modeller and experienced by the individuals can lead to incorrect parameter estimates. On the other hand, there is an important trade-off between data quality and collection costs. This paper explores the inclusion of stochastic variables in discrete choice models through an econometric analysis that allows identifying the most suitable specifications. Various model specifications were experimentally tested using synthetic data; comparisons included tests for unbiased parameter estimation and computation of marginal rates of substitution. Model specifications were also tested using a real case databank featuring two travel time measurements, associated with different levels of accuracy.Results show that in most cases an error components model can effectively deal with stochastic variables. A random coefficients model can only effectively deal with stochastic variables when their randomness is directly proportional to the value of the attribute. Another interesting result is the presence of confounding effects that are very difficult, if not impossible, to isolate when more flexible models are used to capture stochastic variations. Due the presence of confounding effects when estimating flexible models, the estimated parameters should be carefully analysed to avoid misinterpretations. Also, as in previous misspecification tests reported in the literature, the Multinomial Logit model proves to be quite robust for estimating marginal rates of substitution, especially when models are estimated with large samples.