基于车辆悬挂系统的高速路圆曲线极限最小半径路段车辆稳定性仿真

曲线路段较其他路段更易发生交通事故,曲线路段上车辆的行驶稳定性及其对交通安全的影响值得深入研究。为研究在高速路圆曲线极限最小半径情况下的车辆稳定性问题,提升道路安全水平,针对经典的公路圆曲线最小半径计算模型中(简称刚体模型)对稳定性与安全性考虑不充分的情况,根据实际市场上主流车型的分布特点及动力参数,创新性地引入车辆悬挂系统。结合车辆在圆曲线上行驶的稳定性指标,构建了基于车辆具有悬挂系统的公路圆曲线最小半径计算模型(简称悬挂模型)。以驾乘人员的舒适度为依据,对模型中横向力系数进行了修正,就各种设计速度对应的公路最小圆曲线半径给出推荐。最后,基于CarSim以及TruckSim创建的仿真,对刚体、悬挂模型稳定性参数的差异进行分析。结果表明:具有悬挂系统的车辆能保持稳定于小半径平曲线,对高速公路的过弯、转向情况适应能力更强。由悬挂模型计算的公路圆曲线极限最小半径偏小,且目前规范中极限最小半径能保证车辆按照设计速度安全行驶,且有足够的安全余量。     

基于车辆稳定性的改扩建高速公路横坡方案安全性评价研究

针对改扩建高速公路单侧加宽方案老路利用时可能存在的行车稳定性问题,应用基于车辆动力学的建模仿真方法,采用联合仿真技术,在Carsim/Trucksim仿真软件中得到车辆在横坡组合路段行驶过程中车轮的垂直载荷与车辆侧向加速度;在Simulink中计算车辆的横向载荷转移率和侧向加速度;通过上述指标分析车辆横向侧翻和侧滑稳定性,判断车辆在改扩建公路横坡组合路段上的行驶稳定性;联合仿真结果表明,车辆在横向坡度为2%和1.5%、换道路长为120 m和80 m的横坡组合路段上行驶均具有良好的横向稳定性;该方法可用于其他道路和驾驶行为的车辆稳定性分析.      

基于功能安全的商用车电动助力转向系统设计与验证

汽车电动助力转向（EPS）系统是根据车辆转向助力控制信号和执行端响应驾驶转向请求,实时计算车辆在各种行驶路况下的最佳转向助力参数的控制系统。基于车辆功能安全标准开展 EPS 系统的功能安全开发,可以降低 EPS 系统本身的故障率,提高车辆行驶的稳定性和安全性。提出了一种针对某商用车 EPS 系统的功能安全设计方法,并通过故障注入测试,验证了该设计方法的正确性和有效性。结果表明：按照车辆功能安全标准开发的 EPS 系 统可以有效识别和规避因系统性失效而导致的 EPS 异常现象,提高车辆行驶横向稳定性。所提出的设计方法可为其他车型的 EPS 系统功能安全设计及验证提供参考。     

公路钢桥疲劳设计横向多车效应分析

为研究公路钢桥疲劳荷载横向效应,根据公路桥梁的交通特点和过桥车辆的随机性,采用已推导出的公路钢桥标准疲劳车辆荷载模型,基于Palmgren-Miner线性累积损伤准则,计算构件累积损伤度。运用概率理论分析方法,通过多辆车在同一车道上同时行驶、多辆车在不同车道上同时行驶、多辆车在不同车道上交替行驶,3种公路桥梁横桥向多车效应的情况分析,得出2、3、4车相遇概率与次数的计算方法,最终推导出公路钢桥疲劳设计时考虑横向多车效应确定横向系数的方法。给出适合我国国情的公路钢桥疲劳设计的荷载谱,以及疲劳设计时应采用的横桥向多车效应修正系数。     

双车道公路车辆折算系数计算方法研究

文章分析了车辆折算系数常用计算方法的适用条件。考虑双车道公路的特点,基于车头时距的计算方法,建立了适用于双车道公路的车辆折算系数模型。该模型综合考虑了车辆纵向的运行特性——车头时距的关系以及车辆横向的运行特性——车辆行驶过程中所占用道路宽度。利用该模型,通过对实测数据的计算,得到了双车道公路的车辆折算系数值。     

超重车辆对公路桥梁安全性的影响

根据结构可靠度理论,深入研究了公路超重运输车辆对钢筋混凝土受弯构件安全性的影响规律。首先,以恒载和汽车荷载作为安全性分析的最基本荷载组合,通过引入汽车活载影响系数,构造考虑不同汽车超重水平因素的结构功能函数,提出了基于一次二阶矩法的超载桥梁安全性分析数学模型。进而,以85桥梁规范和04桥梁规范钢筋混凝土受弯构件承载能力极限状态设计表达式为依据,按《公路工程可靠度设计统一标准》建议的抗力与荷载效应统计参数,详细计算了不同活载影响系数对钢筋混凝土受弯构件可靠指标的影响规律。计算结果表明,超重运输对钢筋混凝土受弯构件可靠指标有显著的影响,在活载影响系数取值一定的情况下,设计采用的汽车荷载效应与恒载效应所占比值越大,超载对桥梁结构安全性的影响越明显。     

基于多刚体汽车模型的公路平曲线半径研究

根据汽车动力学原理,分析了单刚体汽车模型下平曲线半径的计算方法,认为目前《公路工程技术标准》（JTGB01-2003）中推荐的极限最小半径值不符合现代汽车特性,对车辆横向稳定性考虑不足。提出了基于多刚体汽车模型的平曲线半径计算方法,得出了更切合现代汽车特性的计算公式。根据两种模型半径的计算比较,发现与传统方法约有17％～30％的偏差。为保证行车安全,建议公路设计者应对传统设计方法加以改进。     

一种面向自动驾驶汽车的非线性纵向级联控制策略

为了稳定控制自动驾驶汽车,本文提出了一种非线性纵向级联控制策略,并混合横向控制方法,以使自动车辆能在多弯道状态下安全行驶。首先将车辆模型抽象为自行车车辆动态模型,设计纵向控制的外循环控制策略,用Lyapunov方法分析该系统的稳定性。然后建立发动机和动力系统的动力学模型,设计面向车辆底层控制的转矩控制器实现车辆的内循环控制策略。最后采用混合横向控制和纵向控制方式,控制车辆在多个弯道路上行驶。在多种弯度路段下进行测试。实验结果表明,在速度不高于30km/h情况下,该系统能够根据参考路线,依据参考速度安全行驶,达到预期控制车辆的目的。     

基于MPC的无人驾驶汽车轨迹控制研究

为更好地实现对无人驾驶汽车行驶路径的跟踪修正,基于模型预测算法控制车辆的车速和横摆角。通过建立车辆运动学模型、制定目标函数、确定约束条件,设计出了轨迹跟踪控制器。并通过Matlab/Simulink、CarSim软件搭建模型预测控制算法。结果显示,在预定工况下,车辆参考路径和实际行驶误差较小,并有较好的横向稳定性。结果表明该算法能在一定程度能保证无人驾驶汽车的安全性,为智能车辆控制提供了基础。     

基于近似模型的车辆操纵稳定性及平顺性的优化研究

简述了基于近似模型的车辆操纵稳定性及平顺性的优化设计方法.利用多体动力学软件ADAMS/Car建立了某轿车整车多体动力学模型,并确定了车辆操纵稳定性及平顺性的评价目标.以悬架弹簧刚度、减振器阻尼特性和横向稳定杆刚度为设计变量,利用近似优化数学模型对该轿车进行了操纵稳定性和行驶平顺性的多目标优化计算.结果表明,近似模型技术对于汽车性能的平衡优化是一种十分有效的方法.     

Design of a feedback-feedforward steering controller for accurate path tracking and stability at the limits of handling

This paper presents a feedback-feedforward steering controller that simultaneously maintains vehicle stability at the limits of handling while minimising lateral path tracking deviation. The design begins by considering the performance of a baseline controller with a lookahead feedback scheme and a feedforward algorithm based on a nonlinear vehicle handling diagram. While this initial design exhibits desirable stability properties at the limits of handling, the steady-state path deviation increases significantly at highway speeds. Results from both linear and nonlinear analyses indicate that lateral path tracking deviations are minimised when vehicle sideslip is held tangent to the desired path at all times. Analytical results show that directly incorporating this sideslip tangency condition into the steering feedback dramatically improves lateral path tracking, but at the expense of poor closed-loop stability margins. However, incorporating the desired sideslip behaviour into the feedforward loop creates a robust steering controller capable of accurate path tracking and oversteer correction at the physical limits of tyre friction. Experimental data collected from an Audi TTS test vehicle driving at the handling limits on a full length race circuit demonstrates the improved performance of the final controller design.     

大跨径小半径曲线桥梁转体结构设计

以宁波市轨道交通4号线工程跨铁路桥为例,阐述了大跨径小半径曲线转体桥转体结构的设计要点和应对此类桥梁上部结构恒载横向偏心的处理方法.通过Midas软件建模,计算分析了转体结构悬浇阶段的抗倾覆稳定性随悬浇节段的变化规律,并对转体阶段的结构稳定性计算进行了探讨.     

麦弗逊悬架减振器侧向力分析综述

麦弗逊悬架减振器侧向力对减振器寿命和悬架性能影响很大,系统分析减振器侧向力对麦弗逊悬架设计具有重要意义。减振器的侧向力取决于车辆运动时受到的地面的作用力和悬架的几何结构,本文综述了车辆行驶时车轮上下运动的侧向力、加速、减速、转弯时侧向力的分析,确定了麦弗逊悬架的几何结构对减振器侧向力的影响因素,并通过国内外最新产品的实例说明通过改变悬架的几何结构来减小减振器侧向力的具体方法和产生的效果。最后对减振器侧向力进行了总结,并对未来麦弗逊悬架的研发工作提出了一些建议。     

Robustness analysis of bogie suspension components Pareto optimised values

Bogie suspension system of high speed trains can significantly affect vehicle performance. Multiobjective optimisation problems are often formulated and solved to find the Pareto optimised values of the suspension components and improve cost efficiency in railway operations from different perspectives. Uncertainties in the design parameters of suspension system can negatively influence the dynamics behaviour of railway vehicles. In this regard, robustness analysis of a bogie dynamics response with respect to uncertainties in the suspension design parameters is considered. A one-car railway vehicle model with 50 degrees of freedom and wear/comfort Pareto optimised values of bogie suspension components is chosen for the analysis. Longitudinal and lateral primary stiffnesses, longitudinal and vertical secondary stiffnesses, as well as yaw damping are considered as five design parameters. The effects of parameter uncertainties on wear, ride comfort, track shift force, stability, and risk of derailment are studied by varying the design parameters around their respective Pareto optimised values according to a lognormal distribution with different coefficient of variations (COVs). The robustness analysis is carried out based on the maximum entropy concept. The multiplicative dimensional reduction method is utilised to simplify the calculation of fractional moments and improve the computational efficiency. The results showed that the dynamics response of the vehicle with wear/comfort Pareto optimised values of bogie suspension is robust against uncertainties in the design parameters and the probability of failure is small for parameter uncertainties with COV up to 0.1.     

Multi-performance analyses and design optimisation of hydro-pneumatic suspension system for an articulated frame-steered vehicle

This study investigates the coupled ride and directional performance characteristics of an articulated frame-steered vehicle (AFSV). A three-dimensional multi-body dynamic model of the vehicle is formulated integrating the hydro-mechanical frame steering and hydro-pneumatic suspension (HPS) systems. The model parameters are obtained from field-measured data acquired for an unsuspended AFSV prototype and a validated scaled HPS model. The HPS is implemented only at the front axle, which supports the driver cabin. The main parameters of the HPS, including the piston area, and flow areas of bleed orifices and check valves, are selected through design sensitivity analyses and optimisation, considering ride vibration, and roll- and yaw-plane stability performance measures. These include the frequency-weighted vertical vibration of the front unit, root-mean-square lateral acceleration during the sustained lateral load transfer ratio period prior to absolute rollover of the rear unit, and yaw-mode oscillation frequency following a lateral perturbation of the vehicle. The results suggested that the implementation of the HPS to the front unit alone could help preserve the directional stability limits compared to the unsuspended prototype vehicle and reduce the ride vibration exposure by nearly 30%. The results of sensitivity analyses revealed that the directional stability performance limits are only slightly affected by the HPS parameters. Further reduction in the ride vibration exposure was attained with the optimal design, irrespective of the payload variations. The vehicle operation at relatively higher speeds, however, would yield greater vibration exposure.     

四连杆式独立悬架性能分析

四连杆式悬架是技术比较先进的悬架形式,可以从设计上保证车辆良好的直线行驶性能并最大程度减轻载荷的影响。通过对一般结构悬架的力学分析,总结了车辆在纵向与侧向运动特性要求下的悬架设计规则,同时建立了四连杆式悬架多刚体系统模型并对杆件位置姿态和车轮定位参数等特性进行了仿真,经过数值处理获得了四连杆悬架的各项性能。最后还通过对比麦弗逊式悬架,说明了前者的优势所在。     

主要类型可控悬架的原理简介及发展

悬架是车辆的一个重要组成部分，对于车辆的乘坐舒适性，操纵稳定性等性能有很大影响，因此，一些能够根据汽车行驶的路面、工况和工荷等情况来控制自身工作状态，使汽车的整体行驶性能达到最佳的可控悬架系统得到了人们的广泛关注和发展，中对不同悬架系统的结构和原理进行了介绍，并对目前悬架设计中存在的问题和研究的方向进行了总结。     

双横臂前独立悬架转向梯形断开点的确定

与独立悬架相适应的转向梯形机构一定是断开式梯形，其断开点位置正确与否直接影响汽车的操纵稳定性，给出了求解双横臂式独立悬架结构梯形断开点的方法，并通过计算实例说明了断开点最佳位置的确定。为汽车设计和结构分析提供了简便有效的方法。     

Robust design optimization of suspension system by using target cascading method

This study presents the robust design optimization process of suspension system for improving vehicle dynamic performance (ride comfort, handling stability). The proposed design method is so called target cascading method where the design target of the system is cascaded from a vehicle level to a suspension system level. To formalize the proposed method in the view of design process, the design problem structure of suspension system is defined as a (hierarchical) multilevel design optimization, and the design problem for each level is solved using the robust design optimization technique based on a meta-model. Then, In order to verify the proposed design concept, it designed suspension system. For the vehicle level, 44 random variables with 3% of coefficient of variance (COV) were selected and the proposed design process solved the problem by using only 88 exact analyses that included 49 analyses for the initial meta-model and 39 analyses for SAO. For the suspension level, 54 random variables with 10% of COV were selected and the optimal designs solved the problem by using only 168 exact analyses for the front suspension system. Furthermore, 73 random variables with 10% of COV were selected and optimal designs solved the problem by using only 252 exact analyses for the rear suspension system. In order to compare the vehicle dynamic performance between the optimal design model and the initial design model, the ride comfort and the handling stability was analyzed and found to be improved by 16% and by 37%, respectively. This result proves that the suggested design method of suspension system is effective and systematic.