汽车节能新技术——再生制动技术

再生制动技术是一种有效的节能方式，对再生制动技术进行了理论研究，分析了再生制动技术的节能原理，从传动方式和能量存储方式上研究汽车的再生制动技术。并对再生制动汽车的功率流进行了分析。     

新能源汽车再生制动能量回收研究综述

续驶里程及蓄电池供电技术是目前制约新能源汽车普及的主要因素。再生制动技术作为提高整车能量利用率的有效方案，为新能源汽车续驶里程的提高提供了一条切实可行的解决思路。针对再生制动关键技术，分别阐述了再生制动控制策略研究和再生制动能量管理研究两个方面的研究成果。针对再生制动策略问题，分别从制动意图识别、制动力分配以及轮缸压力控制三方面总结了再生制动相关控制策略；针对能量管理问题，分别从制动能量回收潜力与能量回收效果评估两方面对研究成果进行了总结。分析了通过能量流机理计算车辆节能潜力的方法，并对未来再生制动关键技术的研究与发展趋势进行了展望。     

再生制动中牵引/制动能量与燃油消耗的研究

研究混合动力汽车的再生制动系统的节能原理,给出牵引能量和制动能量的方程式,通过对上海驾驶规程的仿真,得出牵引/制动能量与车辆质量的关系;着重研究再生制动系统中的燃油消耗,给出再生制动的燃油消耗方程,针对4种典型驾驶规程,量化再生制动效率对燃油消耗的影响。     

CVT混合动力汽车再生制动控制策略与仿真分析

分析了混合动力汽车制动过程中发动机反拖制动和CVT速比控制对车辆再生制动性能的影响,提出了低制动强度下仅由电机再生制动、高制动强度下电机与制动器共同制动和紧急制动时发动机参与制动的再生制动策略。对典型工况进行了再生制动仿真,仿真结果表明,CVT速比控制可使电机运行在高效区,从而获得了比传统手动变速混合动力汽车更好的制动能量回收效果。     

插电式混合动力汽车再生制动控制策略

由于再生制动控制策略直接影响了插电式混合动力汽车（PHEV）的经济性,文章提出了一种基于理想制动力分配的再生制动控制策略,这种策略能在保证制动稳定性的同时,尽可能多地回收制动能量,在Simulink平台上建立再生制动控制策略模型,并嵌入到Cruise软件中进行仿真。仿真结果表明,此模型相比没有制动能量回收的PHEV和传统汽车,都有效地提高了经济性,验证了再生制动控制策略的合理性。     

基于ABS的汽车能量再生制动集成控制研究

提出一种基于ABS系统的能量再生制动集成控制方式,将汽车再生制动融合到ABS制动系统中,再生制动电机参与防抱死控制,制动中在保证制动安全前提下尽可能优先采用再生制动.并设计了基于TMS320C6713芯片的集成控制器.相关试验表明,该控制方式不仅能实现再生制动与液压ABS制动系统协调兼容,提高能量回收率,还可以充分利用电机制动响应快的优点,更好地实现车辆制动防抱死控制.     

电动汽车驱动系统再生制动特性分析与仿真

电动汽车行驶时对能量的需求以及延长续驶里程要求驱动电机具有再生制动能力,既可以提供制动力,又可以将制动过程中的能量回收。通过对汽车制动模式及其产生的能量进行分析。以永磁无刷直流电机系统在作电动汽车动力时实现电气制动为控制策略,仿真了回馈制动,并对仿真结果进行了分析、探讨。结果表明,再生制动的算法是可行的,能满足能量回收要求。     

基于模糊控制的电动轮汽车再生制动能量回收研究

为提高电动轮汽车制动过程中再生制动能量的回收率以达到节约能源的目的,提出了一套适用于电动轮汽车的全新构型机电复合再生制动系统及控制策略。在该控制策略中,考虑到电池SOC值和制动强度对电机再生制动力矩的影响,设计了双输入单输出的模糊控制器,并在AMESim软件平台中搭建了15自由度的电动轮汽车的整车仿真模型和再生制动系统与液压制动系统的仿真模型,在不同的制动强度下采用UDDS循环进行AMESim-Simulink联合仿真。结果表明,所制定的控制策略能满足要求,在保证制动效能的前提下实现再生制动能量的有效回收。     

新能源汽车生命周期内减碳关键技术的研究

随着全球变暖导致的自然灾害愈演愈烈,碳中和作为减少二氧化碳排放的重要手段逐渐被人们重视。新能源汽车作为节能环保的重点,在减少碳排放中发挥重要作用。针对碳中和背景下如何降低新能源汽车碳排放问题,从新能源汽车全生命周期的视角,对纯电动汽车的动力电池能量密度、能量管理策略和再生制动能量回收,燃料电池汽车的氢气获取、电催化剂和能量管理策略,混合动力电池汽车的机电耦合技术、能量管理策略和制动能量回收方向,对具体减碳技术进行了综述。     

混合动力汽车再生制动对能耗的影响

基于某地面耦合型油电混合动力汽车,研究再生制动对整车能耗的影响,为进一步开发混合动力汽车的制动能量管理策略奠定基础。通过新欧洲驾驶循环(New European Driving Cycle,NEDC)工况再生制动过程分析,研究发动机启停控制、电池荷电状态(State of Charge,SOC)对再生制动回收能量的影响,采用单次NEDC循环工况再生制动能量回收效率来评估再生制动控制策略对整车能量消耗的影响。测试结果表明,再生制动过程发动机的启停控制主要受电池SOC的影响,电池SOC越低,发动机启动时刻越提前,停机时刻越延迟,再生制动回收的能量越多,单次循环工况制动能量回收率越高。     

Investigation of regenerative and Anti-lock Braking interaction

The use of a regenerative braking mode can reduce overall vehicle energy usage for most of the most common drive cycles. However, a number of technical issues restrict the use of regenerative braking for all possible braking situations. These issues are concerned with two key limitations. The first is related to physical limitations of the applied regenerative braking system, e.g. Electric Motor (E-Motor) power limits; energy storage device capacity and vehicle load transfer etc. The second limitation results from the potentially detrimental interaction between regenerative braking and the Anti-locking Braking System (ABS). The first type of limitation can, to some extent, be alleviated by suitable choice of hardware and, as a consequence, will not be discussed further in this paper. The second type of limitation concerns the regenerative braking strategies during an ABS event. Some of the regenerative braking strategies designed and investigated within the Low Carbon Vehicle Technology Project (LCVTP) will be described and analyzed in this paper. A comparison of competing strategies is made and conclusions are drawn together with suggestions for further research. The work has been progressed as a part of a major research programme; namely the LCVTP, which has been conducted within an extensive industrial and academic partnership, mutually funded by the European Regional Development Found and Advantage West Midlands.     

串联式复合电源再生制动系统恒流控制

再生制动技术可以有效回收车辆制动能量，是提高电动汽车续驶里程的重要途径，超级电容具有高功率密度、高效率的特点，利用蓄电池-超级电容组成的复合电源作为电动汽车的储能装置可以改善电池工作状态，提高电池寿命及可靠性，并提高能量回收率。目前使用复合电源（蓄电池-超级电容）进行再生制动的电动汽车多采用并联形式，针对此类状况，基于无源串联复合电源结构设计其再生制动系统，其主要由电机、超级电容组、整流桥和控制器组成。在控制策略上，采用电压反馈恒定电流制动方式，基于脉冲宽度调制（PWM）控制，在制动过程中根据电动汽车车速与超级电容端电压实时调节PWM的占空比以实现目标制动电流恒定。在MATLAB/Simulink平台上建立再生制动系统仿真模型，验证所提控制策略的有效性，并利用某电动汽车对所设计系统进行滑行、制动等试验。研究结果表明：相比有源并联式复合电源，该系统不需要DC/DC转换器，结构及控制简单，该系统能够较好地实现制动能量回收，所采用的控制策略能够有效地实现恒电流制动，电制动减速度稳定，同时具有较高的能量回收率。     

能量回收式电涡流缓速器制动策略研究

文章结合电涡流缓速器和再生制动能量回收技术的优点,提出了能量回收式电涡流缓速器制动补偿策略。利用再生制动系统提供的制动力矩为电涡流缓速器在持续制动过程中的制动力矩热衰退予以补偿。以GB12676-2014政策法规为验证标准,车辆在满载情况下在7%的坡道上保持以30km/h的车速匀速行驶5km为仿真目标,对某商用车型进行仿真分析。验证了该策略使得实际产生的总制动力矩始终能满足驾驶员的制动需求,可以延缓电涡流缓速器温升,保障车辆行车安全。     

Energy recovery based on pedal situation for regenerative braking system of electric vehicle

ABSTRACT

Energy recovery is a key technology to improve energy efficiency and extend driving range of electric vehicle. It is still a challenging issue to maximise energy recovery. We present an energy recovery mode (mode A) which recovers braking energy under all situations that accelerator pedal (AP) is lifted, brake pedal (BP) is depressed, as well as AP and BP are released completely; and propose a control strategy of regenerative braking based on driver's intention identified by a fuzzy recognition method. Other two modes: (1) recovery braking energy only the BP is depressed (mode B), (2) no energy recovery, have been studied to compare with mode A. Simulations are carried out on different adhesion conditions. Recovered energy and driving range are also obtained under FTP75 driving cycle. Road test is implemented to validate simulation results. Results show that mode A can improve energy recovery by almost 15.8% compared with mode B, and extend driving range by almost 8.81% compared with mode B and 20.39% with the mode of no energy recovery; the control strategy of regenerative braking can balance energy recovery and braking stability. The proposed energy recovery mode provides a possibility to achieve a single-pedal design of the electric vehicle.     

一种电动汽车制动能量回收系统研究

文章以某款纯电动车制动能量回收系统为研究对象,首先,设计一种电液助力系统,阐述其结构方案和工作原理,接着基于该电液助力系统开展纯电动车串行制动能量回收系统设计研究,包括结构方案、控制方案、电气方案;实现在某款纯电动车产品上的搭载应用开发,结果表明,基于该电液助力系统的纯电动车能量回收系统,实现车辆在制动或减速阶段,机械-液压制动力与电机回馈制动力实时协调,最大限度地回收制动能量,并且获得较好的制动稳定性和“踏板感”,单个ECE循环工况经济性贡献率最高达28.9%。     

纯电动汽车制动能量回收控制策略及仿真分析

整车控制系统是车辆的核心控制部分,其既要对驾驶员的操纵意图进行识别和判断,又要对整车运行时的关键参数进行监测和控制,同时,还要对整车的能量需求进行管理和协调。在车辆制动工况下,如果进行制动能量的回收控制,可以有效的延长续驶里程,但电动汽车在进行回馈制动时,电制动会和机械制动系统相互耦合,这一问题解决的好坏,也会影响到车辆行使的安全性。本文阐述了对制动模式下机械制与电机再生制动的协调开展研究,目标是进一步保证车辆行驶的安全性和舒适性,提高制动时的能量回收效率。     

Effect of regenerative braking energy on battery current balance in a parallel hybrid gasoline-electric vehicle under FTP-75 driving mode

In recent years, a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has been considered a successful technology. Especially, in case of a full HEV, the motor can drive the vehicle by itself at low velocity or assist the engine at high load. To improve the hybrid electric vehicle’s efficiency, a regenerative braking system is also applied to recover from kinetic energy. In this study, an experimental control apparatus was set up with a parallel hybrid electric vehicle mounted on a chassis dynamometer to measure ECU (engine control unit) and MCU (motor control unit) signals, including the current and state of charge in the battery. In order to analyze regenerative braking characteristics, user define braking driving cycle was introduced and carried out using different initial velocities and braking times. The FTP 75 driving cycle was then adapted under different initial SOC (state of charge) levels. The experiment data was analyzed in accordance with the vehicle velocity, battery current, instant SOC level, motor RPM, engine RPM, and then vehicle driving mode was decided. In case of braking driving cycle, it was observed that SOC were increased up to 1.5 % when the braking time and the velocidy were 6 second and 60 km/h, respectively. In addition, using the FTP 75 driving cycle, mode 1 was most frequently operated at SOC 65 conditions in phase 1. In phase 2, due to frequent stop-go hills, percentage of mode 1 was increase by 22 %. Eventually, despite of identity, it was shown that the characteristics of phase 3 differed from phase 1 due to the evanishment of the effects of initial SOCs.