基于非线性模型预测控制的车辆纵向队列协调控制

本文中针对基于分层控制结构的车辆队列上、下层控制缺少联系的问题,提出了车辆队列跟驰与个体车辆动力学稳定性协调控制的思路,其基本思想是在保证队列中个体车辆安全稳定行驶的同时,尽可能实现队列跟驰控制的目标。基于非线性模型预测控制(nonlinear model predictive control,NMPC)方法设计了车辆队列协调控制方案,设计了包括跟驰间距误差、跟驰速度误差以及车速与车轮圆周速度差3个子目标的优化目标函数,将队列跟驰与车辆动力学稳定性的协调控制转化为约束优化控制问题;基于序列二次规划(sequential quadratic programming,SQP)方法进行求解,得到车辆前、后轴的制动/驱动力矩来实现上层决策输出的期望跟驰加速度。基于由3车辆组成的非线性队列模型对控制方案进行了仿真分析,结果表明,所提出的基于NMPC的车辆队列协调控制策略可以在大范围操纵工况下,在保证车辆安全稳定行驶的基础上实现队列的跟驰控制。     

基于DMPC的智能汽车协同式自适应巡航控制

本文中针对单向通信拓扑的非线性车辆队列协同式自适应巡航(CACC)控制问题,提出一种保证队列稳定且满足队列各车跟随性、安全性和乘员舒适性的分布式模型预测控制(DMPC)策略。首先建立了车辆队列的动力学模型和通信拓扑结构模型,并基于队列系统的多项优化性能设计代价函数和系统约束,使队列中每一辆跟随车基于其接收到的有限信息求解一个开环局部最优问题,计算出当前时刻的最优控制量作为输入并不断重复这个过程,达到滚动优化的目的,实现车辆队列的协同式自适应巡航控制。其次通过CACC系统局部代价函数之和构建Lyapunov候选函数,证明了车辆队列系统渐进稳定性的充分条件。最后通过CarSim和Simulink联合仿真,分析了算法在理想状态下对不同形式单向通信拓扑车辆队列的控制性能;通过实车试验,验证了算法在实车条件下感知层存在抖动、底层控制存在延迟和误差时的控制性能。仿真和实车试验的结果表明,本文提出的控制策略能使队列车辆实现各项优化性能,同时对外部干扰有较好的鲁棒性。     

商用车EPS助力控制策略的研究

为某商用车转向系统设计了电动助力转向系统(EPS)的总体布置和曲线型助力特性,并基于模糊PID控制方法设计了助力控制策略.以车辆动力学仿真软件TruckSim和Matlab/Simulink为平台,在整车动力学模型和EPS控制模型的基础上,建立了装备EPS商用车的联合仿真模型,以研究助力控制策略对EPS性能和整车操纵稳定性的影响.结果表明:与PID控制方法相比,采用模糊PID控制器的助力控制策略更能充分实现EPS的功能和改善商用车的操纵稳定性.     

跟驰场景中网联混合电动货车速度规划和能量管理协同控制的研究EI北大核心CSCD

鉴于队列行驶中的网联混合动力货车(HET)的跟驰速度既涉及行车安全、能量需求与分配和电池老化速率,同时又通过车间距,影响气动阻力,以至能耗经济性,本文中提出跟驰场景下综合考虑行车安全性、能耗经济性、气动阻力和电池老化等多个目标的速度规划和能量管理协同控制策略。首先,基于空气动力学量化跟驰安全性。其次,以安全性成本、能耗成本和电池老化成本构成的等效总成本最小化为目标函数并基于模型预测控制构建实时控制策略。其中,采用长短时记忆神经网络对前车速度进行预测,并采用动态规划求解滚动时域内的优化问题。结果表明,协同控制策略能通过抑制动力电池充放电电流来降低电池老化成本,以及借助灵活调整跟驰距离来减小气动阻力并降低能耗成本。与基于人类驾驶模型的跟驰策略进行对比,结果验证了协同控制策略的可行性。     

智能网联车辆队列紧急工况控制策略设计

目前针对紧急工况的智能网联车辆队列控制研究较为欠缺，为了解决高速公路车辆队列在紧急工况下安全、稳定控制问题，本文针对队列紧急制动、他车插入队列这两种紧急工况开展控制策略研究。首先，建立控制系统分层架构，由策略层和控制层组成。其中，控制层根据策略层的输出结果激活对应的车辆纵横向控制器；针对策略层，分别设计两种紧急工况的控制策略以及不同工况间的控制切换策略。最后，基于PreScan/Simulink搭建高速公路车辆队列控制联合仿真平台，设计包含多个紧急工况的复杂验证场景，完成五车队列在该场景下的仿真验证，并探讨了通信时延对控制性能的影响。仿真结果表明：该队列控制系统能保证队列在两种紧急工况下安全、稳定行驶，并可实现不同工况的切换控制。     

基于自然驾驶数据的切入场景队列跟驰仿真

车辆切入是常见的驾驶行为，频繁的变道切入行为影响了通行效率与交通安全。因此，揭示切入场景下的驾驶特性对研究交通拥堵和行驶安全机理具有重要意义。在自然驾驶数据的基础上，根据驾驶人的主观风险感知特性，探究驾驶人的切入行为发生条件，并在期望安全裕度（DSM）模型的基础上，标定了切入场景下的相关参数，根据标定结果进行切入场景下的队列跟驰仿真。仿真结果表明:在仿真区间内，队列的长度、行驶速度以及切入车的切入位置不同会影响队列的稳定性以及队列的调整，当队列长度由4辆变为13辆，速度由5 m/s增至20 m/s，切入车的位置由贴近前后车变为前后2辆车中间时，切入行为对队列的稳定性影响变得越小，队列越容易恢复到稳定状态。      

分布式驱动无人车路径跟踪与稳定性协调控制

针对无人车路径跟踪过程中跟踪效果与车辆稳定性这一多目标控制问题,基于分层控制理论提出了一种分布式驱动无人车辆路径跟踪与稳定性协调控制策略。建立了车辆动力学模型和路径跟踪模型,利用滑模控制方法设计了上层控制器,旨在减小路径跟踪过程中的航向偏差和横向偏差的同时确保车辆自身的稳定性。在下层控制器中,设计了一种四轮轮胎力优化分配方法,根据上层控制器需求,结合车辆横摆与侧倾稳定性情况,实现四轮轮胎力的定向控制分配。基于CarSim和Simulink搭建了联合仿真模型并进行仿真实验,结果表明,提出的协调控制策略能够有效地控制车辆路径跟踪中的航向偏差和横向偏差,同时确保车辆的侧倾与横向稳定性。     

周期型控制结构汽车队列的干扰抑制特性EI北大核心CSCD

受周期性结构抑制振动的启发,本文中提出了周期型的汽车队列控制结构,重点研究了周期型控制结构车辆队列的干扰抑制特性。首先建立了周期型控制结构车辆队列模型,在加速度控制输入中引入外界干扰,构建了整个队列的间距误差方程矩阵;接着在此基础上,推导了从外界干扰和领航车扰动到间距跟驰误差的传递函数方程;最后通过间距误差传递函数矩阵的最大奇异值,分析了周期型控制结构汽车队列的干扰抑制特性。结果表明,周期型控制结构通过合理设计,可有效降低干扰到间距误差传递函数矩阵最大奇异值的峰值,提升汽车队列的干扰抑制能力,且对异类车辆队列同样具有较好的干扰抑制能力;此外,周期型控制结构汽车队列还呈现出较好的规模可扩展性。     

云控场景下车辆队列的模型预测控制方法

鉴于采用边缘云进行集中式车辆队列控制时,通信时延将会降低队列控制性能指标甚至导致队列失稳,本文在考虑通信时延和车辆纵向非线性动力学特性前提下,从包括队列能效的多目标优化出发,提出了一种基于边缘云的队列集中式模型预测控制算法,并设计了一种时延补偿方法.首先分析了控制算法的渐进稳定性;然后通过不同时延下的仿真试验对控制算法...     

基于并线行为识别的自适应巡航控制方法

本文中针对自适应巡航控制系统受旁车并线影响产生的制动干预时机不确定性问题,提出了一种采用旁道车辆并线行为进行优化的自适应巡航控制策略,以获得制动干预的最佳时机。首先,建立了以历史行驶数据和周围环境为输入、基于长短时记忆网络的驾驶行为识别模型,实现对旁道车辆驾驶行为类别的有效识别。当识别出并线行为后,根据并线车辆运动状态对自适应巡航系统进行加速度控制,建立系统的预测控制模型,确定跟随性、舒适性和油耗这3项性能指标与约束条件,并引入理想点法对期望加速度进行求解,有效避免了人为选择权重因素的干扰。然后,将最优控制序列的第一个元素作用于系统,再重新评估系统状态信息以实现滚动优化。最后,建立MATLAB/Simulink仿真模型,进行定速巡航、跟车行驶和并线工况的对比仿真,并通过实车试验进行验证。结果表明:所提算法能更快响应旁车并线时跟车目标的变化,有效降低速度波动,避免了绝大部分的车辆紧急制动,同时,考虑并线驾驶特性的控制模型能有效提高乘车舒适性,降低安全风险。     

车-车协同下无人驾驶车辆的换道汇入控制方法

多车协同驾驶是智能车路系统领域的研究热点之一,可有效降低道路交通控制管理的复杂程度,减少环境污染的同时保障道路交通安全。基于多车协同驾驶控制结构,提出了一种无人驾驶车辆换道汇入的驾驶模型及策略,系统分析了多车协同运行状态的稳定条件。在综合分析无人驾驶车辆换道汇入的协作准则、安全性评估后,基于高阶多项式方法,结合车辆运行特性,通过引入乘坐舒适性的指标函数,设计得到无人驾驶车辆换道汇入的有效运动轨迹。通过研究汇入车辆与车队中汇入点前、后各车辆的运动关系,详细分析车辆发生碰撞的类型和影响因素,给出避免碰撞的条件准则,从而确保无人驾驶车辆汇入过程中多车行驶的安全性和稳定性。基于车辆运动学建立车辆位置误差模型,结合系统大范围渐进稳定的条件,选取线速度和角速度作为输入,应用李雅普诺夫稳定性理论和Backstepping非线性控制算法,设计了无人驾驶车辆换道汇入后的路径跟踪控制器。仿真试验和实车试验结果表明：所设计的换道汇入路径是可行、安全的,控制器具有良好的跟踪效果,纵向和横向的距离误差在15 cm以内,方向偏差的相对误差在10%以内。研究结果为智能车路系统中的多车状态变迁与协同驾驶研究提供了参考,可服务于未来道路交通安全设计和评价。     

Design and Evaluation of Robust Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Systems in Parameter Space

This paper is on the design of cooperative adaptive cruise control systems for automated driving of platoons of vehicles in the longitudinal direction. Longitudinal models of vehicles with simple dynamics, an uncertain first order time constant and vehicle to vehicle communication with a communication delay are used in the vehicle modeling. A robust parameter space approach is developed and applied to the design of the cooperative adaptive cruise control system. D-stability is chosen as the robust performance goal and the feedback PD controller is designed in controller parameter space to achieve this D-stability goal for a range of possible longitudinal dynamics time constants and different values of time gap. Preceding vehicle acceleration is sent to the ego vehicle using vehicle to vehicle communication and a feedforward controller is used in this inter-vehicle loop to improve performance. Simulation results of an eight vehicle platoon of heterogeneous vehicles are presented and evaluated to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed design method. Also, the proposed method is compared with a benchmark controller and the feedback only controller. Time gap regulation and string stability are used to assess performance and the effect of the vehicle to vehicle communication frequency on control system performance is also investigated.     

Safe Platooning in Automated Highway Systems Part II: Velocity Tracking Controller

This paper presents the design of a velocity tracking controller for safe vehicle maneuvering in Automated Highway Systems (AHS) in which traffic is organized into platoons of closely spaced vehicles. The notion of safety is related to the absence of collisions that exceed a given relative velocity threshold. In a companion paper, state dependent safety regions for the platoons are designed in such a way that, whenever the state of a platoon is inside these safety regions, it is guaranteed that platoon maneuvering will be safe and follow the behavior prescribed by the finite state machines that control vehicles maneuvers. Velocity profiles inside these safety regions are derived for all the single lane maneuvers and a nonlinear velocity tracking controller is designed to track these profiles. This controller attempts to complete the maneuvers with comfort in minimum time, whenever safety is not compromised. The control schemes presented in this paper were implemented and tested using AHS simulation software.     

A New Control Approach for Platoon Operations during Vehicle Exit/Entry

A new platoon control concept is introduced, called Back Control, in which the controller of a given vehicle utilizes state information from the lead, preceding, and following vehicles, as well as the vehicle itself. Simulations are carried out on two non-steady state platoon operations - vehicle exit and vehicle entry from a platoon. A previously developed longitudinal controller is utilized as a reference to the proposed Back controller and a ride quality index is used to assess passenger comfort in these simulations. It is shown that the Back controller has advantages over the reference controller in these two operations and that it is therefore worth examining as a candidate controller of vehicular platoons, especially in non-nominal operations.     

Automated Vehicle Merging Maneuver Implementation for AHS

Summary This paper presents a real-time implementation of a general merging algorithm for automated highway systems. A merging control problem is proposed first. A real-time algorithm is then presented, which is used to calculate a smooth reference speed trajectory for the merging vehicle based on the speed of the main lane vehicle. This algorithm can also be applied even when the main lane vehicles change speed. To make the algorithm adapt to different road layouts and to increase safety, a concept of virtual platooning is proposed. It effectively shifts the time of platoon formation forward prior to the start of real merging. Aspects closely related to real-time implementation are discussed, such as the controller adopted, the use of magnetometer based distance measurement and information passing by communication from main lane vehicles. Test results are presented and briefly analyzed.     

A real-time multi-vehicle simulator for longitudinal controller design

This paper presents a new multi-vehicle simulator for platoon simulation. The main new feature of the developed simulator is a network structure for the real-time simulation of multiple vehicles, each with a detailed powertrain and engine model. It has a small initial delay, which is determined by the number of connected PCs, but the actual simulation is performed and displayed in real-time after this initial and one-time delay. Several longitudinal controllers, including a PID controller with gain scheduling, an adaptive controller, and a fuzzy controller, are also implemented in the simulator. Various system parameters can be modified interactively in the simulator screen, which is very useful for simulating a platoon of heterogeneous vehicles, in which vehicles with different dynamics and different longitudinal controllers may be involved. The simulator provides an excellent tool to develop vehicle longitudinal controllers and to study platoon behaviors. The developed simulator is also effective in testing the effects of nonlinearities neglected in the controller design phase, such as actuator delays and gear shifting schedule.     

Decoupled robust control of vehicular platoon with identical controller and rigid information flow

Platoon driving has potential to significantly benefit road traffic. This study presents a decoupled robust control strategy for a vehicular platoon with identical feedback controller and rigid information topology. The node dynamics of vehicle with a lower-level controller is assumed to be covered by a multiplicative uncertainty model. The vehicular platoon control system is skillfully decomposed into an uncertain part and a diagonal system by applying linear transformation and eigenvalue decomposition on information flow graph. Then the requirements of robust stability and distance tracking error are equivalent to the H-infinity norm of decoupled sub-systems. Comparative simulations with a non-robust controller and different communication topologies are conducted to demonstrate the robust stability and distance tracking performances of the proposed method.     

A real-time multi-vehicle simulator for longitudinal controller design

This paper presents a new multi-vehicle simulator for platoon simulation. The main new feature of the developed simulator is a network structure for the real-time simulation of multiple vehicles, each with a detailed powertrain and engine model. It has a small initial delay, which is determined by the number of connected PCs, but the actual simulation is performed and displayed in real-time after this initial and one-time delay. Several longitudinal controllers, including a PID controller with gain scheduling, an adaptive controller, and a fuzzy controller, are also implemented in the simulator. Various system parameters can be modified interactively in the simulator screen, which is very useful for simulating a platoon of heterogeneous vehicles, in which vehicles with different dynamics and different longitudinal controllers may be involved. The simulator provides an excellent tool to develop vehicle longitudinal controllers and to study platoon behaviors. The developed simulator is also effective in testing the effects of nonlinearities neglected in the controller design phase, such as actuator delays and gear shifting schedule.     

Intelligent Electronic Systems in Commercial Vehicles for Enhanced Traffic Safety

Looking at the future trends of the road traffic, one will recognize that the commercial vehicle participation will not decrease, although it is required from the environmental and social viewpoints. The reason is that the other means of freight transport (water, railway, air) do not provide the same flexibility as the road transport, and direct business interest of those companies, who are using this transport form is larger than the eventual loss caused by the penalties to be paid (taxes, compensation of higher axle load). This conflict is hard to solve, but the effect can be minimized. The commercial vehicle industry attempts to introduce systems to the vehicles, which are targeting on reduction of the environmental impacts caused by heavy vehicles. These systems, which are named generally as “intelligent chassis systems”, electronically control the operation of the chassis subsystems (engine, transmission, brake, suspension) and co-ordinate their operation on a higher level (vehicle controller, intelligent control systems, such as adaptive cruise control, video camera based lane change recognition system, etc.). This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of the commercial vehicle chassis systems, and tries to project their future development.