驾驶汽车“三过程”

驾驶员在驾驶汽车的过程中,从大脑的反应至支配行为,一般有3个活动过程,即:观察、判断和操作. 所谓观察过程,就是驾驶员通过视觉和听觉,察觉汽车前后、左右、上下、远近的环境变化情况.所谓判断过程,就是驾驶员在所看到、听到各种情况的基础上,经过分析判断,选择作出有利于安全行驶的决定.所谓操作过程,就是驾驶员在作出判断、决定的基础上所采取的驾驶处置措施,如加速、减速、换挡、转向、开灯等行为.     

基于车联网的驾驶行为影响因素探究

由于汽车驾驶员驾驶行为的多样性与复杂性,极大影响了道路交通安全,近年来,对驾驶员驾驶行为的分析能有效改善驾驶员的不良行为,对减少道路交通事故起了一定的作用。本文通过查找和整理文献,基于车联网技术,就驾驶行为的相关概述、驾驶行为的影响因子、驾驶行为的数据采集和存储、驾驶事件的识别指标、驾驶事件的识别方法、驾驶行为的分类等进行了分析。研究表明,驾驶员的驾驶行为可分为冒险型、稳定型、焦虑型、愤怒型,其中稳定型对道路交通安全的影响极小,其它三种类型都有不同程度的影响。     

VOLVO发明疲劳驾驶警示器 避免引发事故

在对处于疲劳状态的驾驶员的驾驶行为进行深入研究之后，VOLVO汽车公司最近推出又一项新的设施——“驾驶员警示系统”。来协助驾驶员提高行车安全。这项世界首创的发明可记录下驾驶员的驾驶行为，并在驾驶员进入睡眠状态之前及时给予警示。     

汽车驾驶员如何提高预防事故能力

汽车的工业化生产让越来越多的家庭拥有了汽车作为出行工具,并且这也让人们的生活质量有了本质性的提升。不仅仅是人们的生活终会用到汽车同时在一些其他行业的工作过程当中也需要利用汽车进行运输,汽车产品的需求量呈现出逐年增长的模式。与此同时在建设过程当中汽车的驾驶安全问题也受到了社会的广泛关注。本文将从汽车驾驶员对预防事故的能力方面着手对汽车事故的预防问题进行简要探讨,希望能够为更多的驾驶人员提供一些参考和借鉴,从而更加保证自身行驶的质量和安全。     

汽车-动力两轮车碰撞前驾驶员风险感知研究

人机共驾阶段人类驾驶员对驾驶环境保持较高的风险感知水平是保证及时有效、稳定安全接管的核心。本研究通过开展风险感知模拟驾驶试验,获取了驾驶员在典型汽车-动力两轮车碰撞场景下的驾驶行为及脑电响应数据。从驾驶行为层面以制动TTC(time to collision)和平均加速度为评价指标,利用分位数回归构建了驾驶员风险感知量化模型,通过独立样本检验发现驾驶经验、碰撞场景类型对驾驶员风险感知存在显著影响。在脑电响应层面,通过双独立样本检验及FDR校正发现Alpha频段与驾驶员风险感知显著相关。此外,提出了驾驶员风险感知神经机理,包括视觉感知与认知加工两个阶段。研究结果有助于提升人机共驾汽车的安全性。     

VolVo发明“驾驶员警示系统”

在对处于疲劳状态的驾驶员的驾驶行为进行深入研究之后，Voiva汽车公司最近推出又一项新的设施——“驾驶员警示系统”来协助驾驶员提高行车安全。这项世界首创的发明可记录下驾驶员的驾驶行为，并在他（她）进入睡眠状态之前及时给予警示。     

汽车驾驶员主动安全性因素的辨识与分析

汽车驾驶的安全性,取决于汽车自身安全性能与驾驶员的安全操控。汽车驾驶员主动提升安全意识,可以有效规避汽车风险的出现。基于汽车驾驶需求对主动安全性因素进行分析,并合理对相关因子进行优化,以提升汽车使用的整体安全性。就汽车驾驶员主动安全性因素的辨识与分析阐述。     

节能减排汽车驾驶技术浅析

驾驶员的驾驶技术和责任心会直接影响最终的油耗,驾驶节油的关键在于看驾驶人员是否按照车辆运行要求,采用相应的驾驶操作,使人车之间合理搭配保持车辆最佳运行状态,驾驶员的驾驶技术和驾驶习惯会对节油产生非常大的影响,因此,在日常行车过程中,驾驶员需要逐渐提升自身的驾驶水平,时刻牢记驾车注意事项,这样才能达到最终的节约目标。     

基于驾驶行为的汽车节油提醒系统的应用

本文主要提出一种汽车节油提醒的方法及系统的应用,通过实时监测驾驶员的驾驶行为并对驾驶员的驾驶行为进行判断,当驾驶员处于非节油驾驶状态时进行警示并给出驾驶建议,从而帮助驾驶员改善驾驶习惯,达到汽车节油降耗的目的。本文针对不同的驾驶阶段采取的判断逻辑和提醒措施进行阐述。     

根据运行条件正确驾驶车辆减少油耗

驾驶技术是影响汽车油耗的重要因素之一,正确的驾驶操作可以大大降低汽车的燃料消耗量。据统计,在其他条件相同时,仅做到经济地驾驶汽车,便可以减少油耗8～14％,个别的在改进驾驶操作后,耗油率可降低20～25％。其原因在于驾驶人员能够根据汽车的运行条件而选定合适的驾驶操作,使“人——机”配合得当,保持汽车的最佳运行。驾驶员能否充分了解如何发挥汽车的使用效能,是降低汽车油耗的关键。为此,有必要对     

超速语音提醒风格对驾驶员干预效果分析

文章从驾驶员的气质类型出发,提出了针对不同气质类型的超速语音干预体系。针对不同气质类型的驾驶员,分析并研究其对干预时刻以及干预风格的反应规律,从而得出了不同气质类型的驾驶员对待干预措施的反应的相关性规律。且通过数据统计进一步的分析得出不同气质类型的驾驶员应优先选用的提醒时刻,以及在不同提醒时段应优先选用的语音提醒风格。     

汽车驾驶员主动安全性因素的辨识与分析

机动车驾驶为运输业中特殊工作,所以对该行业从业人员要求较高。安全驾驶旨为预防交通事故,确保行车安全。汽车驾驶安全性,不仅与汽车自身安全性能相关,而且与驾驶者行车中安全操控密不可分,通过一系列的措施增强驾驶者主动安全意识,可降低行车风险。基于此,有必要掌握汽车驾驶员素质对行车安全影响,了解事故发生的客观规律,提出针对性的预防措施,将各类不安全隐患遏制于萌芽时期,为行车安全做以保障。     

Traffic safety culture of professional drivers in the State of Qatar

Professional drivers play a significant role within the traffic system of the State of Qatar. With developing infrastructure, the need for professional drivers is growing. However, knowledge is lacking about their perception of traffic safety. Therefore, this study investigates the personal acceptance of risky driving and suggested traffic laws among this specific group of drivers, in order to create understanding about their likelihood to commit certain risky driving behaviors and their resistance to the implementation of certain traffic laws. The aim of this study is to establish which personal attributes of professional drivers in Qatar could influence a high likelihood to commit risky driving behaviors, estimating which specific groups of professional drivers impose the highest risk to violate certain traffic laws. Results indicate that transportation mode, origin and years of driving experience are all personal attributes that have a significant impact on the professional driver's risk to commit risky driving behaviors and their opposition to the implementation of related traffic laws. Distressing results have been found for the high likelihood to violate speed in school zones and the high risk to be distracted by any type of phone use while driving, suggesting the need to put emphasize on these safety hazards during the training programs of professional drivers at professional driving schools in the State of Qatar.     

Trip characteristics impact on the frequency of harsh events recorded via smartphone sensors

The Internet of Things (IoT) constantly offers new opportunities and features to monitor and analyze driver behavior through wide use of smartphones, effective data collection and Big Data analysis, resulting in assessment and improvement of driver behavior and safety. The objective of the present study is to investigate the impact of detailed trip characteristics on the frequency of harsh acceleration and harsh braking events through an innovative smartphone application developed within the framework of BeSmart project. A 200-driver naturalistic experiment spanning 12 months is carried out since July 2019. During the first two months, participants were asked to drive in the way they usually did, without receiving any feedback on their driving behavior from the application. Over the subsequent two months, participants were provided with personalized feedback, a trip list and a scorecard regarding their driving behavior, allowing them to identify their critical deficits or unsafe behaviors. Some of the most important risk factors, such as speed and driving above the speed limit, usage of mobile phone while driving and harsh events (acceleration and braking) are recorded through the application and subsequently analyzed. Generalized Linear Mixed-Effects Models were fitted to the trips of car drivers who made frequent trips for both experiment phases in order to model the frequencies of harsh events. Results indicate that maximum speed, the percentage of speeding duration and total trip duration are positively correlated with both harsh acceleration and harsh braking frequencies. On the other hand, the exposure metric of total trip distance was found to be negatively correlated with both harsh event types. A small positive correlation of the percentage of mobile use duration with harsh accelerations was also detected.     

试论汽车驾驶员在安全驾驶中的问题

中国在过去几十年里发生了翻天覆地的变化,社会经济建设取得了重大成就,经济也实现了跨越式发展。目前人们的收入是非常可观的,所以人们有足够的经济支撑购买汽车,这也正是现如今汽车保有量不断增加的主要原因。任何事情都具有双面性,汽车为人们的出行提供了便利,但是其同样会造成交通安全事故,威胁人们生命健康安全。对于汽车驾驶员来讲,道路状况会影响汽车驾驶状态,但对其影响最大的是个人主观因素,即驾驶员驾驶过程中的状态以及心理素质水平的高低。本文主要论述驾驶员在安全驾驶中的问题,并就问题提出解决策略。     

Investigating the attitudes of Egyptian drivers toward traffic safety

One of the main pillars for improving road safety in any country is a good understanding of traffic safety culture and the driving behavior of local drivers. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether Egyptian drivers differ in traffic safety attitudes and level of acceptance of risky driving behavior. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the driving cognition of the participants. An exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the number of factors that differentiated the three types of drivers. Then a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to group the drivers with similar patterns of scores on the factors into clusters. Three driver clusters emerged: The drivers in cluster 1 were “drivers who rigidly followed regulations” (51.7%). The drivers in cluster 2 were “drivers who violated safety precautions” (23.3%). The drivers in cluster 3 were “drivers who had a tendency to violate regulations” (25.0%). A similarity between the social norms and personal attitudes of drivers was found. This can be explained by the high social norm of violating traffic laws, which can lead to more drivers accepting violations. The majority of the older drivers and drivers with no violations or traffic accident on their record in the past 2 years were in cluster 1. Cluster 2 had the highest proportion of young drivers who wore their seat belts and used hands-free phones while driving. Cluster 3 drivers accepted very dangerous violations, such as texting while driving, driving while intoxicated, and driving at very high speeds. They reported significantly more traffic accidents, but no more violations than the other two clusters. The results of this study can be used to improve road safety programs for education and enforcement in Egypt.     

Traffic safety culture of drivers in Canada: Implications for new traffic law implementation to enhance traffic safety

This study investigates Canada's traffic safety culture (TSC) as part of a global research project. The TSC survey data collected by an online survey is used to predict drivers' perception of changes in traffic problems in the past 3 years, driver's support, opposition towards enforcement of additional traffic laws, and drivers' perceived threat towards risky driving behaviors. A two-step procedure is followed to build models. The first step includes feature selection using the chi-square test of independence. The second step comprises building classification models using the Random Forest technique. Results suggest that drivers' personal attributes like the number of accident records, driving frequency, geographic region of nationality, and religion are top predictor variables for drivers' perception towards changes in traffic problems. In addition, compared to others most drivers perceive distracted driving as a major traffic problem today. There is strong disapproval of drivers against the following driving behaviors and strong support to implement laws against it: speeding in school zones, talking on a hand-held cell phone, tying text messages or e-mails, drowsy driving, driving without wearing their seatbelt, drive with passengers not wearing seatbelts, running through red lights, and impaired driving. In contrast, following risky driving behaviors is less of a perceived threat: speeding over limit on a freeway, on a residential street, and in an urban area and talking on a hands-free cell phone while driving. In addition, a driver's accident record is a significant indicator for a perceived threat towards risky driving behaviors followed by age and accumulated demerit points. The results from this study can be used to guide educational campaigns to transform the traffic safety culture of target groups and make more informed policy decisions.     

汽车驾驶安全隐患预防与对策探索

最近几年随着国内经济的不断发展人民的收入也在不断的提升,因此拥有汽车的家庭数量也在激增。虽然购买私家汽车能给家人出行带来很大的便利但是也同样带来了很大的交通压力。交通堵塞的情况在国内各个大小城市都非常常见,除此之外最让人担忧的还是交通事故频发的问题。交通事故的发生不但会给道路交通的正常运行带来麻烦,还会给驾驶人员带来生命威胁。为了避免悲剧的不断上演,如何保证汽车驾驶的安全,消除汽车驾驶安全隐患,预防交通事故的发生成为了一个很重要的问题。因此,本文主要对国内常见的驾驶安全问题进行了分析,并且针对这些问题提出了相应的解决策略。     

音乐和自然声音对驾驶行为和安全性的影响——以城市道路模拟驾驶为例

近来,当车辆行驶在城市道路时,研究者倾向于调查自然声音、古典音乐和硬摇滚音乐对驾驶性能和驾驶人生理的影响.利用自然声音作为刺激因素,对驾驶行为进行研究.参与者(N=36)在驾驶模拟器中并且伴有自然声音、古典音乐、硬摇滚音乐的环境中进行驾驶,而另一组中没有声音(控制条件).此外,通过研究驾驶性能和参与者的心率,确定时长为18 min的每个驾驶情况下的生理指标.混合MANOVA分析的结果表明,听觉刺激对相干性、延迟响应和心率具有显着影响.这项研究显示硬摇滚音乐在实验期间增加的心率(心率=86.7 BPM),并且听硬摇滚音乐对驾驶性能和生理学有负面影响.更重要的是,听自然声音对车辆跟踪的精度(相干性=0.76)和对前车速度变化的响应延迟(延迟响应=3.9 s)有正面影响.在注意力和集中力方面,这些发现表明,听自然声音可增加驾驶员的驾驶能力.此外,听觉刺激和性别之间的相互作用对驾驶性能和生理学有显着的影响.      

老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节研究述评

随着社会人口老龄化的发展，老年驾驶人的占比逐年增加，提升老年人的驾驶安全性对于其安全自主出行和公共交通安全均具有重要意义。驾驶自我调节是老年驾驶人为适应身体、认知功能变化而对驾驶行为做出的主动调整，是其提升驾驶安全性、延长驾驶生命和维持自主行动能力的有效补偿策略。通过对已有关于老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节研究进行系统回顾，介绍了老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节行为的定义及其表现，归纳分析了其驾驶自我调节行为的影响因素及产生机制，在此基础上总结了现有研究的局限，并指出了未来进一步研究的主要思路和方向。对文献的梳理和分析表明：老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节包括减少驾驶频率和回避具有挑战性的驾驶情境2种主要形式，并可分为策略性、战术性和生活目标性自我调节3种不同的层次水平；驾驶自我调节是一个复杂的过程，社会人口因素、生理健康和功能状况、心理因素等均可对其产生影响；驾驶自我调节的产生机制可以被概括为是个体从认知到态度改变，再到形成调节行为意向，直至最终发生驾驶行为改变的动态决策过程。未来对老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节行为研究应更进一步将客观驾驶行为数据、医疗机构数据与驾驶人主观自我报告相结合，适当开展追踪研究，考察驾驶自我调节行为随年龄的发展变化趋势，深入探究驾驶自我调节的产生机制及其在降低事故发生和提升驾驶安全性方面的作用。