可变喷嘴涡轮增压器对车用柴油机瞬态性能的影响

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态工况测控系统和VNT电控系统,试验研究了可变喷嘴涡轮增压器对车用增压中冷柴油机瞬态工况下烟度、增压压力、燃油消耗量及空燃比等性能参数的影响规律。研究结果表明,在典型瞬态工况下适当减小VNT的开度可以改善进气响应、增加进气充量,选取合理的VNT开度可以降低排气烟度,低速增负荷工况排气烟度可降低34%,但喷嘴环开度过小,将导致增压器效率下降,进气量降低,排气烟度增加。     

加载停滞时间对柴油机瞬态性能的影响

为了改善柴油机瞬态加载过程中燃烧与排放性能恶化的问题,在一台增压中冷柴油机上,利用瞬态测控系统,试验研究了先快后慢的多段加载策略,探索不同的加载停滞时间对柴油机θCA10,θCA50,烟度和CO,NOx等排放物的影响规律。试验结果表明:与匀速加载策略相比,加载停滞时间越长,排放性能越好,烟度和CO峰值最大分别降低20.8%和38.32%,但NOx略有增加;在第二段加载过程中θCA10和θCA50延后程度降低;加载过程后期缸内空燃比下降趋势更加缓和。     

进气节流对柴油机低负荷性能影响的试验研究

在柴油机上加装节流阀是提升小负荷工况排温、改善排放的途径之一,但会对柴油机的其他性能造成影响。本研究通过给柴油机加装节流阀,研究了进气节流对柴油机小负荷工况性能的影响。试验结果表明:进气节流对柴油机的排温和NOx排放提升明显;柴油机进气节流后缸内压力下降,缸内平均燃烧温度、机械效率升高,滞燃期延长,燃烧始点后移;中低转速小负荷工况,随着节流程度的增加,燃油消耗率和烟度增加;高转速小负荷工况,一定范围内通过进气节流可以实现燃油消耗率和烟度的降低。2 500r/min,29N·m工况,保持EGR阀全开,随着节流程度的增加,NOx和烟度出现同时下降趋势,当空气流量由191.4kg/h降至140.6kg/h时,燃油消耗率、NOx、烟度分别下降了7.9%,58.1%,27.3%,排温提升了42.5%。     

不同海拔地区下增压中冷柴油机的性能研究

采用微机化大气模拟测控系统对增压中冷柴油机运行在不同海拔地区下的性能进行了大量的专题试验研究,分析比较了不同海拔下的增压中冷柴油机负荷特性、速度特性、万有特性及排放特性的关系。试验结果表明：随着海拔高度的升高,大气压力减小,导致吸入气缸内的空气量减少,缸内吸气终了的温度和压力下降,从而使得增压中冷柴油机的动力性、经济性下降,等有效燃油消耗区明显变窄。     

进气涡流对柴油机传热和燃烧的影响

本文介绍改变进气涡流，分别用快速响应蒲膜式热电偶实测柴油机缸盖壁面3个典型位置的瞬态温度，用压电晶体传感器测量缸内压力。在实测基础上，根据沿竖壁一维导热模型和热力学定律，分别计算了不同进气涡流比时缸盖壁面的局部瞬态传热率和燃烧放热参数，同时进行了详细分析。研究得到了进气涡流对局部位置瞬态传热影响的基本规律，并表明有一个中等进气涡流比对燃烧最为有利。     

内燃机缸内进气涡流强度对局部传热的影响

试验研究了内燃机缸内进气涡流强度对局部传热的影响。在不同的进气涡流强度和功率条件下测量了ω型活塞燃烧室表面瞬态热流 ,并根据测试结果计算了表面换热系数。结果表明 ,进气涡流强度直接影响着热流的分布 ,适度增强进气涡流强度有利于改善燃烧过程 ,降低燃油消耗率和活塞热负荷。     

基于双有机朗肯循环的 CNG 发动机余热回收系统参数优化及工质选择

为了充分利用 CNG 发动机的余热能量,根据 CNG 发动机的余热能分布特性设计了双有机朗肯循环系统,用来回收 CNG 发动机的排气能量、进气中冷能量以及冷却系统具有的能量。该双有机朗肯循环系统包括高温循环和低温循环,高温循环采用 R245fa 作为工质,用于回收 CNG 发动机排气能量;低温循环分别采用 R245fa , R1234ze 和 R1234yf 作为工质,用于回收进气中冷能量、高温循环冷凝过程中释放的能量以及发动机冷却系统的能量。在 CNG 发动机标定工况下,对双有机朗肯循环系统的参数敏感度进行了分析。结果表明：较高的高温循环蒸发压力和低温循环蒸发温度,较低的高温循环冷凝温度和低温循环冷凝温度可以提升双 ORC 系统的净输出功率和热效率;高、低温循环均选择 R245fa 的方案可以使系统具有较优的热力学性能。     

进气预热对柴油机起动过程动力性能影响的试验分析

为了改善某柴油机的起动特性,自行设计了柴油机进气火焰预热系统。利用基于时间的瞬时数据采集系统,测量了瞬时转速和缸内燃烧压力的变化规律,对不进气预热和进气预热条件下柴油机的起动特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:采用进气预热系统后,进气温度升高了18.5℃,柴油机起动过程中转速升高率增大,起动时间明显缩短;输出扭矩增大且波动明显减小;各个循环的最大燃烧压力升高且波动减小,燃油的着火滞燃期明显缩短,其着火过程中发生后燃、循环失火的概率明显减小,燃烧过程进行得更加充分,极大地改善了柴油机的起动性能。     

车用柴油机EGR瞬态响应特性

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态测试系统和电控EGR系统进行了EGR瞬态响应特性研究。结果表明:瞬态工况下由于EGR压差的增加和进气量的减小造成EGR率大幅度超调,增加幅值随瞬变率增加而增加;EGR本身会造成柴油机排气烟度增加,瞬态工况下EGR率的超调更加剧了这种恶化;与稳态工况相比,1600 r/min、5 s增负荷工况EGR率最大超调幅度达到43%,排气烟度增加6倍;2000 r/min增负荷工况EGR瞬态响应特性具有大致相同的规律。在发动机瞬变过程中需要制定相应的EGR瞬态控制策略,以降低瞬态排气烟度。     

可变进气滚流技术对增压直喷发动机油耗及排放影响的研究

在长安一款1.5L缸内直喷涡轮增压发动机上进行了可变进气滚流技术的仿真和试验研究。研究主要聚焦于催化剂起燃工况,同时也关注了稳态部分负荷工况的燃油消耗,分析了几种不同的可变进气滚流方案在催化器起燃工况对滚流比和湍动能的影响和在部分负荷工况对油气混合质量和燃烧室表面湿壁量的影响。最后通过优化电喷参数,获得在催化器起燃和部分负荷稳态工况最优的方案。试验结果表明,采用可变进气滚流技术能提高燃烧稳定性,降低发动机油耗和排放。     

可变气门升程与正时对直喷汽油机缸内流动特性的影响

利用CFD三维数值模拟软件模拟了1台缸内直喷汽油机的进气及压缩过程,分析比较了不同最大气门升程及进气正时下缸内流场的变化规律。结果表明:减小最大气门升程可以使进气行程中缸内气体的速度及湍动能显著增加,但在压缩末期的滚流比要略小;在小气门升程下,进气门早开或者晚开都会使得进气过程的湍动能显著增加,在距上止点5mm,10 mm,15 mm的3个横截面上,早开和晚开进气门会使最大平均湍动能分别增加28.29%和43.47%,20.7%和40.81%,23.07%和49.58%,但在压缩后期间,进气门早开或者晚开时对缸内的平均湍动能影响不大;在小气门升程下,进气门的开启时间对压缩末期湍动能的分布有较大的影响,早开或者晚开进气门会使缸内的湍动能趋于一致。     

Influence of rail pressure on a two-stage turbocharged heavy-duty diesel engine under transient operation

The demand for continually improving the transient performance of diesel engines requires higher rail pressure and more efficient turbocharger. Before the test, a two-stage turbocharger with a turbine by-pass valve (TBV) had been matched reasonably with the base engine. In order to reduce smoke emission under the typical 5-second transient process of constant speed and increasing torque, the influence of rail pressure on combustion, emissions and performance characteristics was experimentally investigated. The results showed that the two-stage turbocharger was helpful in improving transient performance. Moreover, the full-stage rail pressure (FSRP) strategies (increasing rail pressure during the whole transient process) could reduce smoke emission when the TBV was closed. However, smoke deteriorated once TBV opening got larger. Then the sectional-stage rail pressure (SSRP) strategies (increasing rail pressure from a pre-set load to 100 % load) were presented under small TBV opening to improve in-cylinder thermal condition. Hence, the air-fuel mixing process was improved at medium and large loads. Then the maximum decline of smoke opacity peak was 56.3 %, which happened under 10 % TBV opening. In addition, fuel consumption of FSRP strategies got worse under larger TBV opening. However, this deterioration situation could be effectively restrained by the utilization of SSRP strategies.     

Optimization of intake port design for SI engine

It is well known that in-cylinder flow is very important factor for the performance of SI engine. An appropriate in-cylinder flow pattern can enhance the turbulence intensity at spark time, therefore increasing the stability of combustion, reducing emission and improving fuel economy. In this paper, the effect of intake port design on in-cylinder flow is studied. It is found a vortex existed at the upper side of intake port of a production SI engine used in the study, during the intake stroke, which will reduce both tumble ratio and volumetric efficiency. A minor modification on intake port is made to eliminate the vortex and increase tumble ratio while keeping volumetric efficiency at the same level. It is demonstrated that the increase in tumble in the new design results in a 20 per cent increase in the fuel vaporization. In this study, both KIVA and STAR-CD are used to simulate the engine cold flow, as well as ICEM CFD and es-ice used as pre-processor respectively due to the complexity of engine geometry. Simulation results from KIVA and STAR-CD are compared and analyzed.     

高原环境柴油机喷嘴内部流场与缸内温度场的三维数值模拟

采用广安博之等准维模型,建立柴油机高原运行工作过程模型;通过环境模拟台架试验验证了模型的可信性。将准维计算结果作为喷嘴内部气液两相流动和缸内燃烧三维模拟的初始条件,就高原低压、低温、低氧条件对喷孔内燃油流动状态与分布、缸内燃烧过程的影响进行三维数值模拟。海拔3 700m计算结果表明:与平原环境相比,柴油机喷嘴内空穴现象加剧,燃油流动速度增加,喷孔出口燃油分布不均匀度增加;缸内燃烧平均温度比平原最多高出300℃且分布不均匀,燃烧室局部热负荷偏高。研究初步揭示了高原环境柴油机性能劣化机理,为通过优化缸内喷雾和燃烧过程改善高原运行发动机性能提供参考。     

正丁醇预混合气对轻型柴油机热效率和排放的影响

对1台轻型柴油机进气道进行改装,从而在进气道中形成均质丁醇预混合气。研究了在不同工况下正丁醇预混比对发动机指示热效率和排放的影响。研究结果表明:随着丁醇预混比例的增加,发动机指示热效率呈现上升的趋势,转速为3 350r/min,平均指示压力为1MPa时指示热效率的提升率达到最大为4.3%;压力升高率过大,限制了在大负荷条件下使用更高的丁醇预混比例;随着丁醇预混比例的增加,发动机soot和NO_x排放明显改善,而CO和HC排放均随着丁醇预混比的增加而增大。     

Characteristics of gasoline in-cylinder direct injection engine

Combustion characteristics of a gasoline direct-injection (DI) engine were studied with fuel injection timing varied. This study showed that emissions at part load are reduced by optimizing in-cylinder air motion and injection timing. Antiknock quality and volumetric efficiency are improved at high loads. With our DI system fuel does not stick on the intake port wall during engine warmup and transient mode, and thus even a cold engine can be controlled with a quick response and a high resolution, which, as a result, can reduce emissions. Also, lean limit is significantly improved by optimizing the injection timing.     

Reduction of engine emissions via a real-time engine combustion control with an egr rate estimation model

Vehicle emissions regulations are becoming increasingly severe and remain a principal issue for vehicle manufacturers. Since, WLTP (Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures) and RDE (real driving emission) regulations have been recently introduced, the engine operating conditions have been rapidly changed during the emission tests. Significantly more emissions are emitted during transient operation conditions compared to those at steady state operation conditions. For a diesel engine, combustion control is one of the most effective approaches to reduce engine exhaust emissions, particularly during the transient operation. The concern of this paper is about reducing emissions using a closed loop combustion control system which includes a EGR rate estimation model. The combustion control system calculates the angular position where 50 % of the injected fuel mass is burned (MFB50) using in-cylinder pressure for every cycle. In addition, the fuel injection timing is changed to make current MFB50 follow the target values. The EGR rate can be estimated by using trapped air mass and in-cylinder pressure when the intake valves are closed. When the EGR rate is different from the normal steady conditions, the target of MFB50 and the fuel injection timing are changed. The accuracy of the model is verified through engine tests, as well as the effect of combustion control. The peaks in NO level was decreased during transient conditions after adoption of the EGR model-based closed loop combustion control system.     

CO2和H2对HCCI二甲醚发动机燃烧影响的数值模拟

模拟了燃用DME的HCC I发动机的燃烧过程,研究了进气添加剂CO2和H2对其着火时刻和指示功的影响。结果表明:CO2能延迟着火时刻,降低缸内压力和温度,从而扩大HCC I燃烧运行范围;H2也可推迟着火,并能有效提高发动机的指示功。为了既控制着火始点,又提高发动机指示功,提出进气中同时添加适量CO2和H2,并就此进行了计算。     

稀释气体对点燃式天然气发动机性能的影响

进气稀释策略是优化发动机性能的重要手段,针对稀释气体的热作用和稀释作用对发动机性能的影响展开了深入的研究。结果表明,热作用和稀释作用均使得缸内燃烧温度降低、放热率峰值降低、燃烧持续期变长、放热相位推迟,同时使NO_x排放降低,但THC排放增大。热作用会使整机经济性恶化,而稀释作用则使整机经济性提高,稀释作用使经济性提高的主要原因在于其提高了工质的等熵指数。