电控限滑差速器对某微型货车性能影响的研究

以某微型货车为研究对象,设计了适合电控限滑差速器的模糊PI控制器,并建立动力传动系统模型和13自由度的整车动力学模型,研究电控限滑差速器对整车性能的影响。在此基础上对整车动力性和操纵稳定性进行仿真研究,同时对装有普通差速器、机械式限滑差速器和电控限滑差速器的车辆进行实车对比试验。仿真分析和道路试验研究表明,装有电控限滑差速器的微型货车比装有普通差速器和机械式限滑差速器的微型货车在整车动力性和操纵稳定性方面有不同程度的改善。     

导球式限滑差速器结构及工作原理

限滑差速器可提高汽车驱动性、通过性及操纵稳定性。简述了车用限滑差速器的分类及其优、缺点。导球式限滑差速器是近年新出现的一种结构简单的转矩敏感式限滑差速器。介绍了导球式限滑差速器的结构,论述了其差速运动及限制滑动的原理。     

粘性液压联轴节特性分析与应用研究

系统地介绍了新型速度感应式限滑差速装置——粘性液压联轴节Visco-Lok，该装置存速度感应式限滑差速器基础上，在高转速差时通过加装剪切泵增大了限滑扭矩，提高了该工况下的牵引性，较好地实现了不同转速差下对车辆操纵稳定性、制动稳定性和牵引通过性的综合要求，并通过实车试验得到了验证。     

沟通

Q1：我对别克全新SUV昂科威非常感兴趣，听说它的四驱系统比较特别，请编辑老师介绍一下。
　　上海读者：杜天宇
　　A1：昂科威搭载的是适时四驱系统，提供两种不同版本供消费者选择，官方将两种四驱分别命名为“智能四驱”与“全路况智能四驱”，二者主要区别在于左右后轮动力分配。官方公布的资料显示，智能四驱主要会配备在精英版与豪华版车型上，其后桥配备一个多片离合器式限滑差速器，正常情况下以前驱为主，当系统监测到车轮打滑时，通过压紧离合器片将部分动力传递至后轮，以达到分配前后动力的目的。这套智能四驱系统的后桥限滑差速器装配在靠近左后轮的位置，在车轮不打滑时，后轮是不会获得任何动力的。由于是以前驱为主的四驱车型，如果两个前轮均处于打滑状态，车辆脱困则更多依靠车轮上的电子限滑辅助系统对车轮进行制动，从而达到脱困的效果。全路况智能四驱系统配备于旗舰版与运动旗舰版车型上，其与智能四驱系统主要区别在于它后桥上布置了两个多片离合器式限滑差速器，从前桥而来的动力可以通过两个限滑差速器按需分配给左右后轮，这样的方式无论在城市路面行驶还是在复杂路况下行驶时对车辆的行驶稳定性以及通过性都有很大的帮助。总体而言，昂科威的适时四驱系统结构并不算复杂，通过布置于后桥的多片离合器式限滑差速器达到分配后轮转矩的目的。     

2023年路虎新揽胜四轮转向系统新技术剖析（上）

<正>2023年路虎新揽胜配备了由捷豹路虎公司自行开发的四轮转向（AWS）系统。配备AWS的车辆安装了前后两个转向器,该系统可自动操纵车辆后轮的转向。在低至中等车速下的四轮转向如图1所示,后轮转向方向与前轮相反,以减少转弯直径并增加车辆的灵活性,从而便于完成泊车操控。在较高车速下如图2所示,后轮的转向方向与前轮相同以增强操控时的车辆稳定性。     

91年美国轿车制悬转,动架向系统的改进

美国克莱斯勒和福特等公司对1991年型轿车的改进方案主要有制动系、转向系和悬架等三个方面: 一、四轮转向道奇′91年型全新R/T双涡轮“司蒂尔斯”牌赛车为首先装备自制四轮动力转向系统的车辆,当汽车时速大于48km时,后轮与前轮的同一方向转弯,并能增加操纵灵敏度和高速稳定性,而在时速低于48km时又成为传统的两轮转向方式,使后轮保持在随动状态。这种仅适用于R/T双涡轮赛车的四轮动力转向系统有一根活动的连杆,并能将改变后轮转角的操纵杆连接于二个拉臂上,从而形成一个随动的凹轮转向装置;当前轮转弯时可使后轮的转角作小量的改变,见图1,但在后悬架差速器上还安装一个油泵以驱动一个“微型齿条”,以便在前轮转弯时对后轮作出反应,见图2。后轮的转角很小仅1.5°,但已足以使各种行驶条件下的操纵产生显著的改良效果。后轮转向角的变化与车速和转弯的大小以及驾驶员使用转向助力的强弱成正比。斯蒂尔断赛车的常四轮驱动独立悬架,有一个中央硅酮粘液耦合器,当需要时可将45％驱动力矩分配至前轮,而将55％分配至后轮;全车还配有电子式缓冲装置和防抱制动器。     

基于主动安全的轮间电控限滑差速器控制方法研究

论述了电控限滑差速器(ELSD)改善汽车动力学特性的原理,提出了基于提高汽车主动安全性的控制方法。该方法利用前馈与误差反馈控制相结合来控制车辆运动状态。反馈系数根据最优控制的方法确定。通过对所述控制系统的仿真研究,证明该系统在各种路面条件下均可明显改善汽车的操纵稳定性与主动安全性。     

基于主动安全的轮问电控限滑差速器控制方法研究

论述了电控限滑差速器(ELSD)改善汽车动力学特性的原理，提出了基于提高汽车主动安全性的控制方法。该方法利用前馈与误差反馈控制相结合来控制车辆运动状态。反馈系数根据最优控制的方法确定。通过对所述控制系统的仿真研究，证明该系统在各种路面条件下均可明显改善汽车的操纵稳定性与主动安全性。     

粘性液压联轴节性能分析与研究

本文系统的介绍了新型的速度感应式限滑差速装置-Visco-Lok，分析指出其良好的限滑转矩特性，使其可以提高车辆的牵引性能和操纵性，其不仅可以用与普通差速器配合用于轮间限滑差速装置也可用于轴间限滑差速装置。     

电子限滑差速器试验台架结构及测控系统设计

现有主减速器试验台架多针对普通主减速器进行设计,无法很好地对装有电子限滑差速器(ELSD)的主减速器进行限滑性能试验。针对这一问题,通过分析限滑原理和建立驱动轮受力模型搭建了电子限滑差速器试验台架,并用某款主减速器进行试验。结果表明,通过设置主减速器所搭载的车辆参数,以及冰-沥青对开路面参数,电子限滑差速器试验台架配合控制器能够较好地模拟主减速器输入和道路负载,进行限滑性能试验。     

On the handling performance of a vehicle with different front-to-rear wheel torque distributions

ABSTRACT

The handling characteristic is a classical topic of vehicle dynamics. Usually, vehicle handling is studied by analyzing the understeer coefficient in quasi-steady-state maneuvers. In this paper, experimental tests are performed on an electric vehicle with four independent motors, which is able to reproduce front-wheel-drive, rear-wheel-drive and all-wheel-drive (FWD, RWD and AWD, respectively) architectures. The handling characteristics of each architecture are inferred through classical and new concepts. The study presents a procedure to compute the longitudinal and lateral tire forces, which is based on a first estimate and a subsequent correction of the tire forces that guarantee the equilibrium. A yaw moment analysis is performed to identify the contributions of the longitudinal and lateral forces. The results show a good agreement between the classical and new formulations of the understeer coefficient, and allow to infer a relationship between the understeer coefficient and the yaw moment analysis. The handling characteristics vary with speed and front-to-rear wheel torque distribution. An apparently surprising result arises at low speed: the RWD architecture is the most understeering configuration. This is discussed by analyzing the yaw moment caused by the longitudinal forces of the front tires, which is significant for high values of lateral acceleration and steering angle.     

A new formulation of the understeer coefficient to relate yaw torque and vehicle handling

The handling behaviour of vehicles is an important property for its relation to performance and safety. In 1970s, Pacejka did the groundwork for an objective analysis introducing the handling diagram and the understeer coefficient. In more recent years, the understeer concept is still mentioned but the handling is actively managed by direct yaw control (DYC). In this paper an accurate analysis of the vehicle handling is carried out, considering also the effect of drive forces. This analysis brings to a new formulation of the understeer coefficient, which is almost equivalent to the classical one, but it can be obtained by quasi-steady-state manoeuvres. In addition, it relates the vehicle yaw torque to the understeer coefficient, filling up the gap between the classical handling approach and DYC. A multibody model of a Formula SAE car is then used to perform quasi-steady-state simulations in order to verify the effectiveness of the new formulation. Some vehicle set-ups and wheel drive arrangements are simulated and the results are discussed. In particular, the handling behaviours of the rear wheel drive (RWD) and the front wheel drive (FWD) architectures are compared, finding an apparently surprising result: for the analysed vehicle the FWD is less understeering than for RWD. The relation between the yaw torque and the understeer coefficient allows to understand this behaviour and opens-up the possibility for different yaw control strategies.     

Development and implementation of a torque vectoring algorithm for an innovative 4WD driveline for a high-performance vehicle

The sporting spirit that characterises a high-performance car can be observed in certain technical solutions. The power distribution on the rear wheels is the simplest example of that. It is well known that rear-wheel drive (RWD) vehicles are more fun to drive and faster in their reactions. Unfortunately, they are also less intuitive and harder to control because of their natural oversteering behaviour. The idea of maintaining an RWD driveline in the future is not farseeing, because it would imply an excessive tyre dimension increasing to let the driver use all engine power in many cornering and low-friction conditions. The choice of adopting a part-time all-wheel drive (AWD) driveline comes from the will of enhancing the overall performance by using all the available friction every time that it is needed. It has to be kept into account that a normally aspirated motor of a sport car can supply 500–600 Hp nowadays, and that it will supply 700–800 Hp in the very near future. However, the proposed driveline has not to worsen the weight characteristics (mass and load distribution) that make an RWD vehicle better than other cars. Because of all these considerations and constraints, a new driveline system has been designed. It derives from an RWD driveline with a semi-active differential, to which has been added a controlled wet clutch that directly connects the engine to the front differential. This device allows the drive torque to be distributed between the two axles. It can be understood that in such a device, the torque distribution does not depend only on the central clutch action, but also on the engaged gear. Because of this particular layout, this system can not work in the whole gear range because of thermal problems due to kinematical reasons. So the centre clutch controller has to consider the gear position too. The control algorithms development was carried out using a vehicle model, which can precisely simulate the handling response, the powertrain dynamic, and the actuation system behaviour. Such a modelling precision required the development of a customised powertrain model library in Matlab/Simulink.     

智能汽车路径跟踪精度及操纵稳定性耦合机理分析

针对现有智能汽车路径跟踪算法研究中存在的智能汽车路径跟踪精度与操纵稳定性相互耦合和相互制约问题,在车辆二自由度模型基础上,设计了基于传统预瞄误差模型的PID控制方法,研究了智能汽车在蛇形道路工况、定曲率变车速工况和定车速变曲率工况下,车速及道路曲率对智能汽车路径跟踪精度和操纵稳定性的影响。仿真结果表明,随着车速和道路曲率的增加,智能汽车路径跟踪精度以及操纵稳定性降低;智能汽车的路径跟踪精度提高,操纵稳定性变差。     

汽车操纵性和稳定性的联合优化

在二自由度汽车操纵动力学模型和汽车开环系统操纵性、稳定性评价指标的基础上，提出了同时考虑汽车操纵性和稳定性的加权操纵稳定性评价指标，以及考虑各种车速重要性的加权均匀操纵稳定性评价指标。应用复合形法，对汽车操纵性和稳定性进行的联合优化实例表明，利用所提出的加权均匀操纵稳定性评价指标，可以有效地实现汽车操纵性和稳定性在所有车速范围内的优化。     

车辆半主动悬架与助力转向集成控制的仿真研究

为协调车辆操纵稳定性和行驶平顺性,基于底盘系统动力学原理,建立了半主动悬架和电动助力转向的综合模型,对半主动悬架和电动助力转向系统进行集成控制.运用二次反馈法和PID策略分别对悬架的可调阻尼和转向系统的助力进行控制.仿真结果表明,在集成控制情况下,车辆的操纵稳定性和平顺性均优于悬架或转向单独控制的效果.     

双转子电机驱动系统对电动汽车操纵稳定性的影响研究

对电动汽车用双转子电机驱动系统进行简化建模,利用8自由度整车模型,通过仿真高速加速工况和低速加速工况,针对前驱和后驱车型双转子电机中内、外转子转动惯量不均衡对整车操纵稳定性的影响进行了分析。提出利用交叉四驱方式减少此种转动惯量不均衡造成的不良影响。仿真分析表明,四驱车型较前驱和后驱车型侧向稳定性显著提高。     

汽车操纵稳定性的主观客观影响因素

研究分析了一些对汽车操纵稳定性产生影响的主观和客观因素,为改善汽车操纵稳定性提供理论依据。     

考虑路面不平度的汽车稳定性控制的研究

考虑路面不平度对汽车稳定性的影响，建立了一个含路面不平度激励的14自由度的汽车动力学模型。在主动悬架技术的基础上，运用直接的反馈控制制定了提高汽车操纵稳定性的控制策略。利用该模型进行了汽车稳定性的仿真研究。与没有稳定性控制系统的仿真结果相比，该控制器的应用能够较好地改善汽车的稳定性。