海上风电叶片结构设计中的前沿问题与挑战

为了有效提高风能开发的成本效益,海上风电正不断向“大型化”“深水化”发展,这给海上风电叶片材料和结构设计、载荷仿真和试验测试等环节带来了全新的技术挑战。文章通过探讨海上风电叶片结构设计在数值仿真和试验研究方面的现状与不足之处,以期为现有方法的改进提供新的见解、为深远海漂浮式风力机百米级大型叶片的合理设计和灾变防控提供参考。     

国内最大功率3MW叶片认证纪实

叶片是风电机组的关键部件之一,其性能好坏直接影响风电机组的风能利用效率和机组所受载荷,在很大程度上决定了机组的整体性能。叶片结构可靠性是叶片捕获风能的保证,并直接影响风电机组的运行寿命,叶片结构设计的好坏,在很大程度上决定了风电机组的可靠性和利用风能的成本。为验证叶片设计的可靠性,需要对叶片进行设计认证及型式认证,目前认证工作主要参考的标准有IEC国际标准、GB国家标准、中国船级社CCS规范,认证工作遵循的原则为＂风力发电机组风轮叶片专用规则＂。2008年底到2009上半年,中国船级社认证公司（CCSC）对国内功率最大叶片——上海玻璃钢研究院3MW叶片进行了认证。经过双方近半年的努力,最终上玻院获得中国船级社颁发的3MW叶片设计认证、型式认证证书。     

海上风电机组叶片螺栓疲劳强度影响研究

风力发电机叶片连接用高强度螺栓在服役过程中较易发生断裂情况,而这其中最常见的断裂形式就是疲劳断裂,疲劳断裂的原因多是由于预紧力与位置偏差导致。通过对某海上风电机组不同预紧力与位置偏差工况下叶片螺栓疲劳强度分析,确定不同偏差值对叶片螺栓疲劳强度的影响,从而对后续的风电场安装、运维给出建议。     

海上风电叶片制造问题及解决对策

我国海上风能资源丰富稳定，风力发电利用率高、不占用土地、适宜大规模开发，发展海上风电有助于能源低碳转型。要加快海上风电高质量发展，除了科学谋划海上风电布局开发和创新，还需要设备质量的稳定作为支撑。文章通过对海上风电叶片制作特征及我国海上风电叶片产业制造中的问题进行分析总结，从人员培训、设备管理、物料评价、精益生产等方面，对海上风力机叶片的质量控制提出建议。     

大型海上风电机组整机涡激仿真

随着海上风电机组朝着大型化发展,塔筒高度和叶片长度都显著增加,并且海洋风比陆地风的湍流度更小,这些因素使得大型海上风电机组在吊装或停机状态下频繁出现涡激振动现象。涡激振动增大了风电机组发生强度失效以及疲劳寿命降低的风险。为研究大型海上风电机组整机涡激振动的机理,文章采用仿真方法对某大型海上机组实际发生的涡激振动现象进行复现和分析：首先对风电机组进行流场分析,然后提取流场分析得到的时序载荷,施加到风电机组有限元模型上,进行瞬态分析,从而实现流固耦合仿真。仿真结果表明：风电机组的涡激振动是一种流固耦合现象,主要原因是,在特定风况条件下,气流在塔筒和叶片的壁面处形成周期性脱落的漩涡,对壁面产生周期性的反向载荷。当载荷频率与机组振动的固有频率接近时,使机组发生共振。文章通过仿真方法揭示了大型海上风电机组发生涡激振动的机理,对提出风电机组涡激振动防治策略具有参考意义。     

后市场更换叶片对机组载荷及发电性能的影响

为发掘现役风电场的风电潜能,提升整场的发电量,降低风力发电机全生命周期的每度电成本。选取某风场安装单机容量为2 MW机组作为研究对象,对其进行了后市场叶片增长仿真分析。通过Bladed软件对改造风电机组开展了数值仿真,简要的分析了风机发电量和整机载荷的变化情况,论证了该方案的可行性和工程意义,为陆上及海上固定式风电机组后市场更换叶片方案提供参考。     

大功率变流装置层压母线用绝缘胶粘剂研究

针对大功率变流装置层压母线绝缘胶粘剂的特殊要求,进行了绝缘胶粘剂的研究。研究了影响胶粘剂导热、介质损耗的因素,讨论了填料、填料处理方式等对胶粘剂电气、机械以及导热性能的影响,确定了层压母线用绝缘胶粘剂的基本配方和合成技术路线,制备了能满足大功率变流装置层压母线的绝缘胶粘剂。     

风力发电机组叶尖净空测量研究及方法

随着风电行业向着大型化、深远海方向发展,风电机组叶片长度和塔筒高度逐渐增加,叶片与塔筒间的净空距离不足问题愈发显著,容易影响机组的运行安全和发电效率。叶尖净空测量系统作为监测净空距离的有效手段,其应用可有效避免净空太小引发的相关问题,提升机组运行的安全性和可靠性。文章分析国内外陆上和海上风电机组叶尖净空测量方法的研究现状,并对比分析各种测量方法的优缺点,最后对叶尖净空测量的技术难点和未来发展进行讨论,为叶尖净空测量技术的工程化应用提供参考。     

佐敦涂料为平海湾海上风电项目提供一站式解决方案

<正>2015年11月23日,全球领先的涂料及油漆供应商佐敦公司宣布,为莆田平海湾海上风电项目提供一站式解决方案,为塔筒、叶片、标基、机舱设备等重要部位提供防腐涂料产品与技术服务支持。平海湾海上风电项目工程总投资超过11亿元,总装机容量为50MW,包括10台5MW直驱永磁海上风电机组,项目投产后,预计年上网电量1.59亿千瓦时。福建是海上风电资源大     

海上风电认证为“中国风速”加力

2010年中国风电规模超跃美国成为世界第一。坐上全球头把交椅,中国风电仅仅用了5年。在短短的5年间,中国不仅晋升为全球新增装机容量最快的市场,还缔造了两家全球排名前五的风机制造企业。这就是"中国风电速度"。在"中国风速"的实现过程中,风电认证提供了重要保障。随着风电重心向海上转移,海上风电认证正当其时。在经历了2010年的海上风电元年后,中国海上风电迎来了规模化的快速发展。面对汹涌而来的发展势头,海上风电发展能否延续"中国风速",海上风电认证将是关键因素之一。     

Mechanical behaviour of vinylester adhesive joints used in laminated material for steel structures

One of the most important applications of adhesives in shipbuilding is the manufacturing of structural laminated materials. The application of these types of hybrid materials in a marine environment for extended periods of time and under adverse environmental conditions results in the accelerated degradation of the adhesive. Therefore, a specific experimental procedure is required to ensure the adequate performance of this adhesive bonded joint during its service life. In this study, an experimental method to analyse a vinylester adhesive in steel–adhesive–steel test specimens was applied (“mixed cantilever beam” specimens were used and mixed mode tests were carried out to obtain the fracture envelope). It was concluded that the energy release rate increased with the stress mode under dry conditions. In addition, the cohesive laws of vinylester showed that both the tangential stress and the strain are higher than the normal stress and strain. Finally, it was observed that adding distilled water to the adhesive joint for short periods of time improved its fracture strength.     

Effects of adhesive type on the mechanical properties of adhesive joints between polyurethane top coats and polyurethane-based adhesives after accelerated atmospheric ageing

The performance of a sealed stainless steel bracket system, adhesively bonded with two polyurethane-based adhesives (flexible adhesive, stiff adhesive) onto a marine polyurethane top coat, is investigated. The investigated joint connections on the coatings exhibited a high mechanical stability even after accelerated ageing (salt spray exposure, cyclic temperature variations, high relative humidity). The aged joints retained up to 81% of their tensile strength and up to 92% of their lap-shear strength. The torsional rigidity of the adhesive joint exceeded the required clamping torque of the designed bolt. A cyclical lifetime of >9·10⁶ load cycles was estimated. Effects of cyclic ageing on the creep performance of the adhesive joint were found to be insignificant. Under tensile loads, the joints with stiff adhesive material exhibited a linear-elastic performance without the capability to deform prior to failure. The joints with the flexible adhesive material, in contrast, exhibited a behavior typically for ductile materials featuring a pronounced yield plateau prior to failure. Failure loads were higher, and displacement was notably lower, for the joints with stiff adhesive material. All joint connections met the requirements for a safety factor for the design for marine applications (11.6 for the flexible adhesive; 14.3 for the stiff adhesive). When the flexible adhesive is applied, the cohesive strength of the adhesive material is the limiting design factor. When the stiff adhesive is utilized, the load carrying capacity is higher, and the interface between priming coat and steel substrate is the limiting design area of the joints. The strength utilization of the adhesive materials depended on the particular structure of the entire joint configuration, particularly on the interface between steel substrate and the coating material. A number of assessment factors, namely stress limit factor, coating adhesion factor and safety factor, are introduced and discussed for tensile and shear loads.     

海上风机吊装运输船及其吊装方式的研究概况

介绍了国内外海上风电的发展情况和前景,风电场建设对风机吊装运输船的需求;阐述了海上风机吊装运输船的分类及风机安装方式的发展变化。     

自升式风电安装船插桩深度及拔桩力计算方法

总结国内外现有自升平台安装船插桩深度及拔桩力计算方法,提出了适用于我国沿海风电场工程地质的理论计算公式。通过对东海风电抢修及如东风电试桩两个实际工程的计算与测试数据对比分析,验证了该计算方法的可靠性和准确性。     

新型缓粘结预应力体系的试验研究

介绍了一种以树脂胶粘剂为介质的新型缓粘结预应力体系的试验研究,其中包括能满足该体系要求的固化期在3、6、12个月左右、抗压强度50 MPa以上的胶粘剂组分及物理力学性能的研究;对预应力筋在不同时间张拉锚固作业中的κ和μ进行测量;缓粘结预应力筋在应力状态下进行了腐蚀试验;采用缓粘结预应力筋制作了8根预应力受弯构件进行试验,并与同条件制作的有粘结、无粘结预应力梁进行比较。结果表明,胶粘剂固化后的缓粘结预应力构件的工作性能,几乎和有粘结预应力构件相同。通过几个缓粘结预应力工程的施工,表明该体系的施工工艺与无粘结预应力施工工艺相近,简便易行。该体系将后张法中的无粘结和有粘结预应力混凝土体系相结合,使传统的预应力技术有了更新的发展。     

远海自升式风电一体化运输与安装探讨

由于远海域自然环境更为恶劣,作业窗口期更短。充分利用窗口期,提高施工效率是风机安装施工的关键。通过调研和分析国内外风机运输和安装技术现状,以1 200 t自升式风电安装船和西门子4 MW机型为研究对象,提出利用自升式平台船垂直运输塔筒、水平叠加运输叶片的运输安装一体化技术,可减少涌浪对传统工艺中运输驳船的限制,提高窗口期的利用效率,提高施工工效,适用于远海风电场的建设。     

海上风电环境影响评估及对策研究

本文通过对国内外已建、在建和拟建海上风电项目在建设和运行过程中出现的各类环境问题进行深入的分析、研究,提出了符合当地实际情况,经济、技术可行的监测、预防和治理措施。并以东台海上风电场项目的环境影响评估为例进行了实例的研究。     

大型船舶系泊系统的动力响应研究

通过对大型船舶所受载荷情况的分析,采用静力分析方法结合国内、外有关的经典计算公式,对船舶所受的风载荷、流载荷和缆绳受力情况进行研究。结合具体工程案例,计算船舶的受力情况,以及在风、流作用下系泊时缆绳受力是否在允许的安全范围内,对该船的系泊安全和码头安全做出评价。     

Dynamic analysis of a dual-spar floating offshore wind farm with shared moorings in extreme environmental conditions

The concept of a shared mooring system was proposed to reduce mooring and anchoring costs. Shared moorings also add complexity to the floating offshore wind farm system and pose design challenges. To understand the system dynamics, this paper presents a dynamic analysis for a dual-spar floating offshore wind farm with a shared mooring system in extreme environmental conditions. First, a numerical model of the floating offshore wind farm was established in a commercial simulation tool. Then, time-domain simulations were performed for the parked wind farm under extreme wind and wave conditions. A sensitivity study was carried out to investigate the influence of loading directions and shared line mooring properties. To highlight the influence of the shared line, the results were compared to those of a single spar floating wind turbine, and larger platform motions and higher tension loads in single lines are observed for the wind farm with shared moorings. The loading direction affects the platform motions and mooring response of the floating offshore wind farm. Comparing the investigated loading directions to the 0-deg loading direction, the variation of mean mooring tension at the fairlead is up to 84% for single lines and 16% for the shared line. The influence of the shared line properties in the platform motions and the structural responses is limited. These findings improve understanding of the dynamic characteristics of floating offshore wind farms with a shared mooring system.     

大型货船内装设计现状及发展趋势

对大型货船舱室分隔和舱室布置的依据和原则、防火分隔的划分、防火材料的现状和应用、风管和电缆穿过防火分隔的保护方法、减少噪声途径等方面进行了总结,特别是对舱室防火作了重点介绍。对照国外船舶内装设计方法和有关资料,可以看出国内船舶内装设计和国外还存在一定差距。希望不久的将来,在船舶舱室专业设计人员的共同努力下,使内装设计水平得到进一步提高。