海洋工程结构的疲劳可靠性更新研究

本文根据断裂力学的基本原理导出了海洋工程结构疲劳失效的安全余量和检测事件的安全余量,并在此基础上给出了计算更新后的疲劳失效概率的一阶方法,文中对的安全余量与检测事件的安全余量之间相关性的影响进行了讨论,并结合算例研究了检测可靠度的影响,指出了疲劳可靠性更地合理制定周期检测的作用。     

船舶驾驶人员疲劳致因分析及其预防控制

船员疲劳是个严峻而又复杂的问题,预防控制船员疲劳不仅是海上安全的要求,也是船员职业保障的需要。以船舶驾驶人员为对象,探讨船员疲劳程度的判定及其对海上安全的影响机理,分析船员疲劳的影响因素,给出预防控制船员疲劳的相关建议。     

HCSR规范疲劳评估方法的余量研究

为总结散货船油船协调共同规范(HCSR规范)中整套疲劳评估方法的可靠度或安全余量,本文综合考虑不确定性因素对疲劳寿命的影响,包括热点应力差值方法、主应力选取、海况选取、二次应力等。验证了HCSR规范对疲劳评估保有足够的安全余量,为正在修订的HCSR规范的发展提供相关参考。     

基于损伤力学-有限元法的大跨度钢桥梁构件疲劳损伤累积分析

采用损伤力学-有限元全耦合方法分析桥梁焊接构件内的疲劳损伤累积过程,具有明确的物理意义.首先介绍了耦合疲劳损伤分析的基本方法,建立了全耦合疲劳损伤分析的有限元方法过程,并将分析方法和过程嵌入大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS的用户接口里,便于对实际工程结构疲劳损伤累积过程进行分析.采用全耦合疲劳损伤分析方法,对青马大桥关键焊接构件进行疲劳损伤累积分析,结果表明:关键焊接构件疲劳损伤的累积过程具有局部性;疲劳损伤场与应力场之间存在着相互作用;广泛采用的线性米勒准则用于疲劳寿命评估是偏于安全的.这种偏于安全的误差,用于结构的疲劳设计是合适的,但对于在役结构疲劳损伤累积的准确砰估却是不利的.该方法为桥梁结构基于有限元热点应力分析和损伤力学理论进行局部疲劳损伤累积的准确评估提供了可行的方法和理论基础.     

含裂纹船用气瓶安全评价及剩余寿命预测

针对船用气瓶使用过程中出现的疲劳失效问题,开展含裂纹气瓶安全评价及剩余寿命预测研究,通过疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验,得到疲劳裂纹扩展速率公式。对3种典型尺寸表面裂纹进行理论计算,获得船用气瓶安全评定结果和临界裂纹尺寸,并通过3种人工预制裂纹疲劳试验和安全评价验证理论公式的合理性。评定结果表明：当初始裂纹深度[a]≤1.5 mm,长度[2c]≤10 mm时,船用气瓶可安全使用至下一周期。     

基于AHP-TOPSIS模型的引航员疲劳风险评价研究

船舶引航员的疲劳强度关系到船舶航行安全。对引航员的疲劳程度进行有效识别并进行评价可以有助于保障船舶航行安全。本文在综合分析影响长江引航员疲劳因素的基础上,采用改进的层次分析法(AHP)确定指标权重,构建长江引航员疲劳风险评价体系,最后采用TOPSIS(近理想排序)方法建立长江引航员疲劳风险评价模型,并与相关人员主观认识结果进行比较,验证了模型的可行性与有效性。     

42000吨散货船结构疲劳可靠性评估

本文从可靠性概念出发，对沪东造船厂建造的42000吨散货船甲板角隅结构疲劳强度进行安全评估。评估中考虑了疲劳数据的离散性、应力分析的误差以及波浪载荷的随机性等不确定因素，结果表明，该船甲板角隅的疲劳可靠性水平在0．98以上，即失效概率小于0．02，较好地反映了该船的实际情况。该评估方法也可用于集装箱船甲板大开口疲劳安全评估。选择合适的可靠性水平，保证角隅恰当的疲劳强度，避免角隅疲劳裂纹的产生，对集装箱船结构安全具有实际意义。     

基于风险增强的钻井隔水管VIV疲劳评估

涡激振动(VIV)是深水钻井隔水管疲劳损伤的主要来源.合理评估VIV疲劳是进行隔水管疲劳设计的关键问题.应用基于风险增强的疲劳准则进行隔水管VIV疲劳评估.应用设计参数的最佳估计值对隔水管进行标准VIV疲劳分析,以确定隔水管的基本疲劳损伤.识别控制疲劳损伤不确定度的随机变量,并对这些变量进行标准疲劳灵敏度研究,以评价疲劳损伤不确定度.基于风险增强准则确定VIV疲劳安全因子的大小,同时考虑VIV分析模型的内在偏差,以建立对VIV疲劳的接受准则.以南海某深水区钻井隔水管设计为例进行分析.隔水管在设计寿命内的最大疲劳损伤为0.3570,在高、中、低三种安全等级下的许可疲劳损伤分别为0.1274.0.2410与0.5263,该隔水管设计仅满足低等级安全标准.     

基于统一的疲劳寿命预报方法（UFLP）的深潜器载人舱疲劳可靠性分析

疲劳是承受循环载荷的金属结构最重要的失效机制,现已有多种金属疲劳寿命预报方法。实际的设计、制造、加工和操作等工序环节中总是存在不确定性,这些不确定性的影响将在结构的疲劳寿命中富集,为此发展了疲劳可靠性分析。该文讨论了将疲劳可靠性分析方法和统一的疲劳寿命预报方法（UFLP）相结合的可行性,为海洋结构物的安全使用提供参考。文中的极限状态方程是基于统一的疲劳寿命预报方法（UFLP）得到的,并讨论了其中各参数对疲劳寿命的影响;针对一组TC4-ELI的疲劳裂纹扩展数据,分别采用Monte-Carlo法和JC法开展了疲劳可靠性分析,两种分析方法得到的结果彼此符合得较好。     

船舶驾驶人员疲劳因素及其对策分析

对于在海上航行的船员而言,因各种因素而导致的疲劳问题已经变成了一个越来越严重并且亟待解决的问题。对于船员疲劳问题的预防以及控制等相关措施的意义,一方面,是航海安全的必然要求;另一方面,也是对船员这一职业自身的保障要求。本文以船舶驾驶人员为研究对象,通过对其疲劳程度的划分与对安全的影响程度,来提出了预防船员疲劳以及船员疲劳时的相关对策。     

Weld toe versus root fatigue failure mode and governing parameters: A study of aluminum alloy load-carrying fillet joints

In load-carrying fillet welded connections, two fatigue failure modes are possible i.e. weld toe cracking and weld root cracking. The fatigue life associated with weld root cracking is typically much lower than weld toe cracking, exhibiting a wider scatter band, especially for welded aluminum alloys. This paper examines fatigue failure mode transition behaviors in load-carrying fillet welds made of aluminum and their governing parameters, among plate thickness, weld penetration, joint misalignment, weld material, and ultrasound impact peening(UIP). Through both experimental and theoretical studies, a quantitative fillet weld sizing criterion was proposed for avoiding weld root cracking in fillet-welded aluminum connections.     

Reliability analysis of fatigue life of the connectors—the US Mobile Offshore Base

Reliability-based design analysis of the fatigue life of the connectors of the five sections of the 2-km long US Mobile Offshore Base (MOB) is demonstrated. A performance function is defined in terms of the nominal stress range, inherent defect or starter crack, and appropriate material properties, which are considered random variables. The reliability analysis is performed for a sea state 1–8 (SS1–8) random loading having a Gumbel distribution. Where possible, uncertainty data for random variables are obtained from published data relating to the fatigue of metal and metal alloys. Otherwise, judgmental coefficients of variation are prescribed for purposes of demonstration. The fatigue life is assumed to follow the Weibull distribution. The reliability function is defined in terms of the mean life and the total uncertainty in the fatigue life. Preliminary reliability calculations suggest that current design stress levels be reduced to meet the current fatigue life target reliability level for the MOB connectors. An illustrative design is demonstrated and the metal selected for a fatigue design of the connectors for 10 million cycles with a reliability of 0.99 at a nominal stress of 203 MPa is HY-130 steel.     

船用LNG储罐的疲劳强度分析研究

LNG储罐受到惯性力载荷的作用,其结构强度需要进行评估,但由于其几何形状及边界条件复杂,一直缺乏相应的评估体系。提出LNG储罐疲劳分析的一般方法,以某LNG储罐为例,进行了疲劳损伤的计算及校核分析,对单元选择、模型简化、约束定义、载荷施加等给出了指导性意见,并探讨了储罐的布置方向对疲劳损伤计算的影响,研究结果表明,储罐沿船舶纵向布置时对结构设计的要求较高,应尽量选择横向布置方式。     

Fatigue of jack-ups: Simplifying calculations

Simplification of calculations for fatigue of jack-ups is essential in order to understand the primary influences and the uncertainties involved. Considerable simplification is possible for jack-ups because calculations for fatigue are dominated by the few worst loading conditions, while the large number of lesser conditions can be ignored. The dominating conditions are likely to be — during operations, the resonant sway and surge motions at the natural period of the structure; and during towage, the 1 or 2 days of maximum roll and pitch motions. Examples for both situations examine loading conditions and demonstrate simplified calculations.     

船体结构表面裂缝在应力腐蚀耦合作用下的扩展机理数值研究

用数值方法研究了船体表面微裂缝在海水腐蚀以及外荷载耦合作用下扩展的机理.实验表明,在给定材料和腐蚀环境的条件下,外荷载越小,微裂缝扩展并最终导致材料断裂破坏过程越长;但当荷载小于某个值(门槛值或称疲劳极限)时,这种延迟的腐蚀断裂破坏现象可以避免.为研究方便,文中假设了在腐蚀环境中工作的材料为各向同性材料.根据数值计算结果,共发现了三种可能的裂缝扩展形式,并证实了导致腐蚀疲劳断裂临界条件的存在性.最后通过计算,针对不同材料以及不同环境条件,勾勒出导致腐蚀疲劳断裂相应的临界条件曲线.     

Multi-scale modeling of fatigue crack propagation applied to random sequence of clustered loading

Fatigue crack propagation in marine structures is obviously governed by mechanics of the considerably different four levels of multi-scale problems. Problems of structural response to environmental loads have length scale of several hundred meters, whereas possible detectable size of cracks from initial defects in a weld is of the order of millimeters. Once a fatigue crack initiates, crack tip plasticity is of the order of several grain sizes, while the resulting fatigue crack growth in each load cycle is of the order of nanometers. In our previous work, the first author and their associates have developed the so-called CP-System, which can treat the first two multi-level problems as an integrated system. Furthermore, we have incorporated the third level of mechanics by using the stress intensity range corresponding to the repeated tensile plastic deformation ahead of the crack tip. In the present paper, we shall discuss a more rational integral equation-based formulation in order to integrate the third and fourth levels of micro-mechanics to the first two levels of continuum mechanics.The method is then applied to fatigue crack propagation under the effects of random sequence of clustered loading. As an example of the random sequence of clustered load, we shall use the so-called “storm model”. In the crack propagation simulation, we have to take into account of the plastic wake on the crack surfaces, whose thicknesses are influenced by the material parameters involved in the crack growth model. These parameters are first identified by the fatigue tests under combined constant and random loading using a CT specimen. Then, fatigue crack growth is investigated by numerical simulation and fatigue tests for various random sequences of clustered loading. The experimental and numerical results agree quite well with each other, and fatigue crack propagation is found to be considerably retarded under random sequence loading, so that the conventional equivalent stress approach may provide rather conservative results to the real seaway loading.     

Structural behavior and design of high-strength steel welded tubular connections under extreme loading

The present work is motivated by the increasing need for cost-efficient solutions in offshore structural systems for wind energy production and for improvement of their structural performance. The structural behavior and design of high-strength steel welded tubular connections (yield strength higher than 700 MPa) subjected to monotonic and strong cyclic loading is investigated. In the first part of the paper, an experimental investigation is presented on high-strength steel tubular X-joints subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading far beyond the elastic limit of the material, leading to weld fracture. Two grades of weld metal material are employed in the welding process of the specimens. The experimental results indicate that the weld material grade has a significant influence on the deformation capacity of the welded connection under monotonic loading conditions, and its low-cycle fatigue life. The experimental procedure is simulated using advanced finite element models, elucidating several features of joint behavior and complementing the experimental results. Overall, a good agreement is found between numerical simulations and experimental results, in terms of both global response and local strains at the vicinity of the welds. Furthermore, the structural performance of the welded tubular joints under consideration is assessed using available design methodologies in terms of both ultimate strength and low-cycle fatigue resistance, in an attempt to validate an efficient design methodology for low-cycle fatigue. The results from this research effort are aimed at developing the necessary background for the possible use of high-strength steel in tubular steel lattice structures, particularly in offshore platforms for renewable energy production. They can also be used as a basis for the possible amendment of relevant design specifications and recommendations for including special provisions for high-strength steel structural systems.     

疲劳载荷作用下焊接点三维线弹性弯曲裂纹路径预测

利用二阶摄动方法研究了疲劳载荷作用下结构线弹性裂纹的弯曲扩展问题并求解了三维动态应力强度因子.利用二阶摄动方法研究了疲劳载荷作用下裂纹路径预测时的应力准则与能量准则之间的关系.就均匀物质而言,在二阶摄动分析理论的框架内,两种准则指明了相同的三维疲劳弯曲裂纹扩展路径.但在具有非均匀断裂韧度的物质中,能量准则优越于应力准则.作为二阶摄动方法的实际运用,研究了焊接结构中疲劳线弹性裂纹的形态特征和弯曲扩展路径问题,综合考虑了诸如远场动态作用应力、焊接残余应力、局部物质衰变以及不同尺寸的缺陷的存在等因素,绘制出疲劳载荷作用下退化区域中裂纹弯曲扩展的临界轨迹曲线.     

Low-cycle fatigue assessment of offshore mooring chains under service loading

The integrity of mooring chains is essential to the safety of a range of offshore platforms. However, mooring line failures are occurring earlier than their design lives, with a high number of these failures occurring due to fatigue. Early in the fatigue life of the component fatigue initiation processes occur, where the fatigue hotspot is sensitive to the mean load and there is plastic strain accumulation from the multiaxial stress-strain responses of the material, leading to cyclic plastic damage accumulation. The traditional SN approach suggested by mooring standards does not consider these effects, and it is proposed that this lack of consideration under low-cycle fatigue conditions is the reason for the current non-conservative fatigue assessments of mooring chains. This paper aims to develop a fatigue approach based on a critical plane multiaxial fatigue criterion for mooring chains that can consider the damage-induced by the cyclic plasticity and the mean load effect, to investigate the importance of incorporating low-cycle fatigue into the mooring chain life prediction. To develop the critical plane approach, the multiaxial stress-strain states are extracted for the critical plane at the fatigue hotspot from a finite element model of a mooring chain. This is then correlated with a fatigue life prediction provided by conventional fatigue design data. It uses a simulation of an FPSO as a case study to demonstrate the importance of low cycle fatigue, which shows that the mean load effect is significant in reducing the fatigue life for mooring chain applications, while the effect of fatigue damage-induced cyclic plasticity is limited. The fatigue damage accumulation predicted by the critical plane approach is significantly higher than that of the traditional SN approach and should be accounted for in mooring line design.     

基于改进子模型技术的TLP平台疲劳分析

研究适用于TLP平台的疲劳分析方法。首先建立TLP平台的整体结构模型,运用基于累积损伤理论的疲劳谱分析法,根据整体分析初步确定TLP平台疲劳关键节点位置,即疲劳敏感部位。然后建立疲劳敏感部位的中间模型与精细子模型,运用改进的子模型技术分析计算得到关键节点的热点应力,并根据疲劳谱分析法计算关键节点的疲劳寿命,并将之与传统子模型技术的计算结果比较。分析表明,改进的子模型技术比传统方法的应力计算结果更加精确,有利于得到更加真实的疲劳寿命计算结果。