超声冲击处理改善焊接接头疲劳性能的数值研究

超声冲击处理(UIT)作为一种有效的焊后改善焊接接头疲劳性能的工艺措施,近年来在国内外船舶行业受到了广泛关注。为评价UIT技术对焊接接头疲劳强度的影响,提出一套新的数值分析方法,包括焊接数值模拟、超声冲击处理过程的弹塑性动态有限元分析,以及基于断裂力学的疲劳强度评估。在有限元模型中考虑了实际的工艺参数和超声促成的材料软化效应。以非承载十字焊接接头为研究对象,将预测的超声冲击处理前后的残余应力分布及疲劳强度与实验结果进行对比,两者吻合较好。     

超声冲击处理对5083铝合金焊接接头残余应力的影响

为了分析5083铝合金焊接接头残余应力分布和减少铝合金焊接接头残余拉应力,采用超声冲击处理技术对焊接接头进行处理,使用X射线衍射仪测试焊接接头冲击前后表面的残余应力.结果表明:纵向残余应力在焊缝起点和终点附近趋于零应力状态,中间稳定区为较大的拉应力;在近焊缝中心两侧为较大的拉应力,远离焊缝的两端为较小的压应力.经过超声冲击处理后的焊接接头,冲击区域的残余应力由较大的拉应力转变为压应力,随着冲击强度的增加,冲击区域表面的压应力也逐渐增大,当冲击强度大于2.0 s/cm~2后,冲击产生的压应力值最终在220 MPa处波动;只冲击焊趾也可以降低焊趾和焊缝的残余应力,但与全覆盖冲击相比,焊缝的残余应力下降程度较小;随着抛光深度的增加,超声冲击引入的压应力逐渐减小,在抛光深度达到2 mm后,冲击后的焊缝残余应力和未冲击处理的残余应力保持一致.     

5083铝合金T型接头焊接残余应力分布及超声冲击处理工艺研究

为了获得5083铝合金T型接头焊接残余应力分布和减少焊接残余拉应力,文中采用X射线衍射法对8 mm和4 mm两种T型接头进行残余应力测试,分析了不同的冲击强度对8 mm T型接头残余应力的影响,并采用优化后的冲击强度处理4 mm T型接头,结果表明:两种接头底板和腹板上的纵向残余应力在近缝区均为较大的拉应力,随着远离焊趾残余应力逐渐减小,最后趋于无应力状态;4 mm T型接头近缝区的残余应力小于8 mm T型接头.采用4.0 s/cm~2冲击强度处理8 mm T型接头焊缝,冲击效果较好,在焊趾产成的压缩应力相对均匀;4 mm T型接头焊缝冲击处理前,底板背面的纵向残余应力整体上呈"几"型分布,超声冲击处理焊缝和焊趾后,没有被冲击处理的底板背面的残余应力整体上变成"M"型分布,纵向残余应力的平均应力值由163MPa降低到58MPa.     

超声冲击方式对焊接接头表面残余应力的影响

以12 mm厚Q235焊接试板为研究对象,采用不同超声冲击方式对其处理,并利用盲孔法研究超声冲击方式对接头表面残余应力的影响.研究结果表明:焊缝内部道层冲击的方式可以有效降低接头表面残余应力;各层均冲击的方式可以进一步降低接头表面残余应力,残余应力呈现较小的拉、压应力状态;焊后表面冲击的方式在高冲击强度下可以在表面形成较大的压应力.     

超声冲击改善焊接接头残余应力的研究

超声冲击处理是一种改善焊接接头残余应力的新方法.本文对该方法所用的超声冲击处理装置进行了研究,研制成功具有频率自动跟踪和输出功率自动调节功能的超声冲击处理装置.利用该设备,进行了Q235,HG70钢超声冲击处理效果的验证性试验.初步试验结果表明：超声冲击处理装置的设计满足实际工作需要,该方法能够有效地改善焊接接头的残余应力.     

焊接残余应力对灰铸铁焊接冷裂纹的影响

采用灰铸铁试样,以焊接冷裂纹三要素中的拘束应力和组织结构为研究方向,采用直Y型坡口焊接裂纹试验法,研究了焊接残余应力对灰铸铁焊接冷裂纹的影响.研究结果表明:焊后通过对焊缝进行全覆盖超声冲击,一方面可以大幅度改善焊接结构的残余应力,经超声冲击处理后的试样焊缝测量点的残余应力σ1分别为-53MPa、-57MPa,σ2分别为-37MPa、-80MPa;另一方面可以加速焊缝石墨球化过程,消除半熔化区白口组织.因此焊后合理的超声冲击处理能够从拘束应力和淬硬组织两方面抑制焊接结构冷裂纹的产生.超声冲击处理减少焊接残余应力的效果和热处理相似.     

锥柱结构焊接残余应力及超声冲击消除的研究

随着高强钢潜艇锥柱结构的广泛应用,影响结构性能的焊接残余应力的测量和残余应力消除的技术备受关注。采用X射线衍射技术对高强钢潜艇锥柱结构内外壳的轴向焊接残余应力进行无损检测。内壳轴向残余应力的分布在焊缝两侧呈双峰形态,均为拉应力,而后随着与焊缝距离的增加,残余应力快速降低;而外壳轴向残余应力在锥端焊趾部分达到最大残余压应力值。还进行了超声冲击消除焊接残余应力前后的对比试验。试验结果表明,超声冲击处理对降低焊缝及近焊缝区的残余应力有很大的益处,残余拉应力经冲击处理后转变为对疲劳强度有利的较大幅值的压应力。     

超声冲击对海洋工程大厚度高强钢焊接残余应力的影响

对海洋工程大厚度高强钢焊接结构焊后焊缝及母材进行局部超声冲击处理,采用X射线衍射法和小孔法测试冲击前后的残余应力,分析超声冲击工艺对焊接残余应力的影响.研究结果表明:大厚度高强钢焊接结构经覆盖焊缝及母材局部超声冲击处理后,焊接残余应力显著降低,冲击区域拉应力全部转化为压应力,压应力大小均匀,XRD测试压应力均值达到母材理论屈服强度的0.50~0.80倍,小孔法测试压应力均值达到母材理论屈服强度的1.10~1.30倍;EQ47拘束态高强钢焊接结构分别采用冲击强度10 s/cm2与20 s/cm2冲击后,冲击区域形成的压应力基本一致,纵向应力与横向应力大小接近,20 s/cm2冲击强度下纵向应力与横向应力接近水平优于10 s/cm2.     

工艺参数对平板对接焊温度场及残余应力的影响

焊接变形和残余应力对集装箱船的建造质量有着重要影响，通过优化焊接工艺可以有效提高其结构的焊接质量。为选择合理的焊接工艺参数，文章基于ANSYS软件，建立了船舶平板对接焊的有限元分析模型，采用高斯热源模型，对接头的温度场及应力变形进行了数值模拟，并将焊接电流、焊接速度和板厚对平板对接焊残余应力场及变形的影响规律进行了分析和总结，对实际生产中集装箱船结构焊接质量的控制具有一定的参考价值。     

高强钢焊接接头超声冲击效果对比试验研究

文章采用高强度钢对接焊试板,分别开展超声冲击前后残余应力变化和低周疲劳寿命的对比试验研究。试验结果表明:经过超声冲击处理后,焊缝区的残余应力从焊后的拉伸残余应力转化为压缩残余应力,焊接试样的低周疲劳寿命有显著提高,平均提高30%以上,试验验证了超声冲击技术在改善残余应力和提高疲劳寿命上的实用性和有效性。     

超声冲击消除高强钢焊接残余应力的数值模拟研究

焊接残余应力会对结构的力学特性带来不利的影响,而超声冲击能较有效地消除大型焊接结构残余拉应力,起到大幅增加结构疲劳强度的作用。该文首先采用热弹塑性方法对超声冲击前的高强钢平板焊接残余应力进行分析,然后采用瞬态动力学方法对焊接残余应力的超声冲击消除进行三维仿真研究,最后对超声冲击前后残余应力的数值计算结果与试验结果进行对比分析研究。由分析结果可知:超声冲击前高强钢平板焊缝附近存在较大的残余拉应力,呈双峰分布;超声冲击后较大的残余拉应力转化为残余压应力;数值模拟结果与试验结果相一致。并且,平板厚度方向的应力经过超声冲击后表现为应力的均匀化。文中研究结果可为高强钢大型焊接结构超声冲击消除残余应力进行合理评估和后续进行相关力学特性研究提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

Stress magnification effect of initial deformation on the notch stress field and fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints

Compared with thick plate welded joint, the welding joint of thin plate will produce initial deformation due to its low bending rigidity. The existence of initial deformation will cause the welded structure to produce secondary bending effect, which will produce greater stress magnification effect at the weld toe and seriously affect the fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints. Therefore, based on the correction formula of thick plate, considering the influence of initial deformation and geometric nonlinearity of thin plate, this paper deduces the stress magnification factor formula at the weld toe of T-shaped and cruciform specimens. The accuracy of the revised formula is further verified by comparing the notch stress calculated by the modified formula with the FE results. Finally, the modified formula is applied to the notch stress and fatigue evaluation of typical thin plate welded joints respectively. The results show that the proposed notch stress calculation formula can fully consider the stress amplification effect of thin plate structure, and can be used to quickly evaluate the notch stress field and fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints.     

A design method of tensile triangles and low transformation temperature weld metal for reduction of stress concentration and residual stress of welded joints

Stress concentration and residual stress have a significant influence on fatigue life of welded joints. In order to reduce the stress concentration of welded joints, a mathematical design method of tensile triangles (MTT) based on bionics was applied to weld shape design. Accordingly, the stress concentration of various weld beads in the corner boxing welded joint and the fillet welded T-joint was dissected using our in-house FEM software JWRIAN. It was found that there existed a large stress concentration in the conventional welded joints, whereas those welded joints with elongated weld bead were accompanied by a lower stress concentration, especially for elongated weld bead with MTT design. Furthermore, among the weld shapes of the corner boxing fillet welded joint, the rectangle shape of weld bead had the minimum stress concentration factor (1.05). For the fillet welded T-joint with MTT design, the stress concentration of weld toe decreased dramatically with the increase of the index of designed shape, but there was a minor difference of stress concentration at weld root between the weld beads with MTT design. In addition, application of low transformation temperature (LTT) weld metal utilizing martensitic transformation to the fillet welded T-joints can produce compressive residual stress at weld toe.     

对接接头焊趾应力集中有限元分析

研究焊缝几何参数对应力集中的影响,对于提高焊接结构疲劳强度有重要的意义.本文采用有限元方法,计算了双侧对称加强高和单侧加强高的对接接头焊趾处的应力集中系数,分析了几个主要参数,包括焊趾倾角、焊趾过渡圆弧半径和板厚对于应力集中系数的影响,研究了焊趾处应力集中沿板厚方向的变化情况,在分析大量计算结果的基础上给出了估算两种形式的对接接头应力集中系数的经验公式.结果表明,减小焊趾倾角,增大过渡圆弧半径,可以减缓焊趾处截面形状的变化,改善焊趾处的应力集中;板厚的增加使得应力集中系数增大.并且单侧加强高的对接接头应力集中系数小于双侧对称加强高对接接头的,其减小幅度只与θ有关.     

T型焊接结构的角变形控制

T型焊接在船舶结构中的应用是非常广泛的.T型接头附近局部的加热及冷却使被焊结构产生残余应力及角变形.目前在船厂精度控制中,通常采用构件焊接后对某些部位进行火工校正的方法来控制残余角变形.论文提供了另外一种有效控制结构残余角变形的方法:对结构焊前施加弹性的反向角变形.文中首先利用热弹塑性有限元来模拟未施加反变形的结构的焊接过程,以估算残余角变形;然后模拟施加了弹性反变形的结构的焊接过程,并计算此时结构的残余角变形,以最终确定构件所需要的弹性反向角变形值.施加了弹性反向角变形的构件在焊接后无需进行火工校正.     

Size effect on residual stress in low transformation temperature welded joints

It has been reported that low transformation temperature (LTT) weld metals are beneficial to generation of compressive residual stress around weld zone. In this study, the relationship among residual stress, size effect of LTT welded joints with different plate width and thickness as well as martensite start (Ms) temperatures was investigated by experimental and finite-element analysis. It was found that heat dissipation and thermal expansion coefficient of LTT weld metal had a significant impact on residual stress. Welded joint with a small plate width led to greater compressive residual stresses in the LTT weld, which was due to the lower heat dissipation and smaller thermal expansion coefficient of the LTT weld metal in due course of cooling process. Additionally, the finite-element analysis revealed that increasing plate width mainly affected the longitudinal residual stress, while increasing the plate thickness influenced all the residual stress components in the LTT weld. Furthermore, the LTT weld with a lower Ms temperature of 191 °C resulted in greater compressive residual stresses, and was less sensitive to the LTT joint size, as against the Ms temperature of 398 °C.     

超大型集装箱船用超高强度钢EH47焊接残余应力模拟与实验研究

超高强度钢EH47广泛应用于超大型集装箱船舱口围板等区域结构中,建造过程中常常伴随着较大的焊接残余应力,直接影响到船体结构的安全及使用寿命。论文基于有限元分析软件ANSYS,对平板对接焊进行模拟,得到焊接残余应力的大小和分布,并采用盲孔法对焊缝区域进行残余应力测量。结果表明:残余应力在靠近焊缝中心及区域附近处表现为拉应力,随着逐渐往焊缝中心靠拢,拉应力迅速增大,当达到焊缝中心附近时拉应力达到最大值。随着逐渐远离焊缝中心,拉应力迅速减小,达到一定距离时转变为压应力,并在距离焊趾2.5 cm处达到压应力最大值,数值模拟结果与试验测量值基本吻合,同时焊后热处理能有效降低有损结构强度的焊接残余应力。     

大型核电厚壁结构X射线衍射法残余应力测试

采用X射线衍射法（ XRD）对大型核电厚壁结构堆芯板端面、堆芯板与吊篮筒体环焊缝焊前焊后残余应力进行无损测量。研究堆芯板端面、环焊缝焊前焊后残余应力的分布情况及变化规律。结果表明：堆芯板焊前残余应力主要是机加工应力,且焊接过程对其残余应力影响不大;1＃和2＃堆芯板环焊缝轴向残余应力分布趋势明显,呈现焊缝为压应力,母材为拉应力;测试的环向应力在各区域分布不一致;焊接对远离焊缝区域的应力没有影响,远离焊缝区域呈现较大的加工应力。     

An efficient FE computation for predicting welding induced buckling in production of ship panel structure

In a Thermal-Elastic-Plastic (TEP) FE analysis to investigate welding induced buckling of large thin plate welded structure such as ship panel, it will be extremely difficult to converge computation and obtain the results when the material and geometrical non-linear behaviors are both considered. In this study, an efficient FE computation which is an elastic FE analysis based on inherent deformation method, is proposed to predict welding induced buckling with employing large deformation theory, and an application in ship panel production is carried out. The proposed FE computation is implemented with two steps:(1) The typical weld joint (fillet weld) existing in considered ship panel structure is conducted with sequential welding using actual welding condition, and welding angular distortion after completely cooling down is measured. A TEP FE analysis with solid elements model is carried out to predict the welding angular distortion, which is validated by comparing with experimental results. Then, inherent deformations in this examined fillet welded joint are evaluated as a loading for the subsequent elastic FE analysis. Also, the simultaneous welding to assemble this fillet welded joint is numerically considered and its inherent deformations are evaluated.(2) To predict the welding induced buckling in the production of ship panel structure, a shell element model of considered ship panel is then employed for elastic FE analysis, in which inherent deformation evaluated beforehand is applied and large deformation is considered. The computed results obviously show welding induced buckling in the considered ship panel structure after welding. With its instability and difficulty for straightening, welding induced buckling prefers to be avoided whenever it is possible.     

JU2000E自升式钻井平台桩腿TKY节点 焊接残余应力分析

Ju2000E自升式钻井平台的桩腿TKY节点由于焊接结构复杂，各构件采用高强度大厚板，焊缝多且不规则，焊接残余应力分布复杂，对其评估焊接残余应力非常困难。如今焊接残余应力表面测量配合应力计算是最有效的方法，本文采用一系列的高效计算方法实现了桩腿TKY节点焊接残余应力的高效计算，并通过X衍射法和小孔法验证了计算的可靠性，同时通过计算机模拟软件建立的三维实体模型分析了该结构的应力分布特征。计算结果表明，整个模拟件各方向的峰值拉应力出现在半圆板焊接区域表层，特别是焊趾位置呈现较大的应力集中，而焊缝材料的屈服强度相对半圆板材料屈服强度低，故焊缝区域的各方向拉应力幅值稍低于半圆板焊接区域；整个模拟件各焊缝区域从外到内部的等效应力呈现300-600MPa的较大应力，靠近半圆板的焊趾位置出现较大应力集中，等效应力达到600MPa以上。