短波通信抗干扰技术综述

任何信息系统和武器平台的互连都离不开通信,而无线通信又是战场信息传输的主要手段,同时通信对抗亦成为现代战争中重要的作战手段,争夺战场上的制电磁权已成为影响战争胜负的重要因素,因此寻找一种在复杂的战场通信环境下保障可靠有效的通信成为各国军事通信方面的研究热点。短波通信作为军事通信中的最常用的通信方式,成为各国研究的重点,因此研究短波通信的抗干扰技术具有重大的军事意义。论文分析了短波信道的特点,介绍了现今常规短波通信抗干扰技术,以及为对抗新的干扰样式的抗干扰技术。     

信息化条件下短波通信抗干扰技术与应用

短波通信是信息化条件下保障作战指挥的重要通信手段,提高其抗干扰能力是保证作战指挥信息系统稳定的必要环节。文章首先分析了短波通信的特点和短波通信抗干扰的重要性;以扩谱通信抗干扰体制为例阐述了通信抗干扰的基本理论;分析了短波通信中的各类干扰,并针对这些干扰指出了各种抗干扰技术手段,同时列举了国内外已研发的相关技术装备;最后,结合未来信息化战争的要求和战时的通信需求,阐述了未来短波通信抗干扰技术的发展趋势。     

抗干扰技术在短波通信中的应用

一直以来,信号干扰与无线通信是相生相克的存在,为保证无线通信的质量,对于抗干扰技术的研究与无线通信技术的研究在通信领域都处于重要的地位,特别是主要用于长距离传输的短波通信,更易受到气候、电磁等不确定干扰因素的影响,其通信的稳定性和可靠性会容易变差。因此,掌握干扰的原理、影响因素及相应抗干扰技术对于短波通信质量提升尤为重要。本文结合广州通信中心短波通信抗干扰的应用工作,阐述干扰原理、抗干扰重要性及技术发展。     

舰船短波通信自适应抗干扰阵列天线控制方法

常规的阵列天线控制方法通常难以与短波信号定位技术相结合,导致阵列天线抗干扰能力较差,因此设计了一种舰船短波通信自适应抗干扰阵列天线控制方法。研究短波信号自适应定位方法,基于该自适应定位方法建立阵列天线解析表达式,将短波信号定位技术应用于阵列天线自适应抗干扰控制方法中,实现舰船短波通信自适应抗干扰阵列天线控制方法的优化。根据实验结果可知:该方法在受到干扰后得到的信噪比在扫描角度相同时均大于2种常规方法,其平均信噪比较2种常规方法大约1.62 dB和2.21 dB,可知该短波信号自适应抗干扰能力优于常规方法,实现了阵列天线控制方法的优化。     

海上超短波通信传输预测模型研究

在海洋船舶通信系统中,超短波通信由于抗干扰能力较强得到较多的应用。在海上超短波通信系统中,前端发射天线作为整个系统中重要的一环,其设计性能影响着整个通信系统,并且由于现代舰船电子设备较多,短波通信系统天线设计需要对抗这些干扰。本文研究传统的舰载短波通信天线传输模型,分析信号发射和接收中的抗干扰技术,并在此基础上提出一种全新的舰载短波通信发射系统天线阵列,有效提高了整个海上超短波通信的抗干扰能力。     

合成孔径雷达干扰对抗的现状与趋势

文章介绍了合成孔径雷达干扰对抗的现状与趋势。简要介绍了合成孔径雷达的基本结构,重点分析了对SAR实施干扰的有利和不利因素及抗干扰方法。     

对“宙斯盾”相控阵雷达的干扰方法研究

通过对"宙斯盾"相控阵雷达抗干扰措施的分析,提出了相应的干扰对策,从而形成了对抗"宙斯盾"相控阵雷达的无人机"蜂群"干扰方法。     

短波差分跳频电台的抗干扰性能

基于当前短波差分跳频研究的现状及其基本原理,分析了差分跳频的基本特点,对比研究了短波差分跳频电台的抗干扰性能,得出了短波差分跳频具有抗跟踪干扰的绝对优势和依靠较大跳频带宽相应提高抗阻塞干扰能力结论.对我军短波跳频电台的建设和发展具有参考价值.     

双差波束约束下舰艇短波自适应通信抗干扰分析

由于利用原有方法进行舰艇短波自适应通信抗干扰时,受到信号正交空间噪声的影响而无法对短波发射通道误差进行校准,在天线频率为220 MHz,430 MHz时,存在辐射面积较低的问题,因此提出一种双差波束约束下舰艇短波自适应通信抗干扰方法。首先对舰艇短波自适应通信中的短波发射通道幅相误差进行校准,并通过双差波束算法处理舰艇短波自适应通信发射超分辨,最后通过短波天线自适应通信抗干扰阵列,实现舰艇短波自适应通信抗干扰,该阵列由自适应通信处理器、形成方向图网络以及阵列天线构成。为了证明设计方法在2种频率下的辐射面积较大,将原有方法作为对比实验方法进行对比实验,实验结果证明该方法在2种频率下的辐射面积都更大,实现了性能突破。     

雷达/红外成像复合制导面临的干扰及对抗

分析了雷达/红外成像复合制导反舰导弹武器系统可能面临的干扰手段。将受干扰阶段分为开机搜索阶段和跟踪阶段。按照敌方施放干扰的战术意图,将开机搜索阶段可能面临的干扰分为迷惑干扰和冲淡干扰两类,将跟踪阶段可能面临的干扰分为转移干扰、质心干扰、压制干扰和欺骗干扰四类。研究了开机搜索阶段重新搜索时目标的选择方法和依据,以及跟踪阶段对抗各类干扰可采用的措施及预期对抗效果。对研究雷达/红外成像复合制导的干扰与抗干扰技术具有重要参考价值。     

In Political Seas: Engaging with Political Ecology in the Ocean and Coastal Environment

The world’s oceans and coasts are awash in a sea of politics. The marine environment is increasingly busy, changing, and a site of degradation, marginalization, injustice, contestation and conflict over declining resources and occupied spaces at local to global scales. Themes of political ecology, such as power and politics, narratives and knowledge, scale and history, environmental justice and equity, are thus salient issues to understand in ocean and coastal governance and management. This subject review examines research on these themes of political ecology in the ocean and coastal environment and reflects on how the insights gained might be applied to governance and management. Political ecology provides important insights into: the influence of power in ocean management and governance processes; the manner in which narratives, knowledge, and scale are used to legitimize and shape policies and management efforts; the effects of historical trajectories on present circumstances, options, and practices; and the nature of inequities and environmental injustices that can occur in the marine environment. Moreover, ocean and coastal researchers, practitioners, and decision makers ought to engage with the political processes and injustices occurring in the ocean. Moving from critical insights to constructive engagements will ensure that political ecology helps to plant seeds of hope in the Anthropocene ocean.     

设计模式在设备故障红外智能诊断软件中的应用

诊断软件由于其诊断对象的复杂性和诊断策略的多样性,为设计模式的使用提供了较大空间.将设计模式引入船用机电设备故障红外智能诊断软件的开发,并具体讨论了一些常见的模式如Adapter、Bridge、Strategy和Observer等在软件各个模块和环节中的应用.实验证明,设计模式的使用,简化、明晰了软件的结构,加强了软件的通用性、稳定性和灵活性,提高了软件的可理解性和可维护性,并使得丰富红外诊断软件的接口和功能变得更为容易,进一步拓宽了软件的使用范围.     

Part I: Externalities and economic policies in road transport

Road transport imposes negative externalities on society. These externalities include environmental and road damage, accidents, congestion, and oil dependence. The cost of these externalities to society is in general not reflected in the current market prices in the road transport sector.An efficient mobility model for the future must take into account the true costs of transport and its regulatory framework will need to create incentives for people to make sustainable transport choices. This paper discusses the use of economic instruments to correct road transport externalities, but gives relatively more weight to the problem of carbon emissions from road transport, as this is particularly challenging, given its global and long-term nature.Economics offers two types of instruments for addressing the problem of transport externalities: command-and-control and incentive-based policies.Command-and-control policies are government regulations which force consumers and producers to change their behaviour. They are the most widely used policy instruments. Examples include vehicle emission and fuel standards in the US as well as driving or parking restrictions in Singapore. The implementation cost of these instruments to the government is small. Although from an economic perspective these policies often fail to achieve an efficient market outcome, the presence of political constraints often make them the preferred option, in terms of feasibility and effectiveness.Economic theory shows how policies, which affect consumption and production incentives, can be used to achieve the optimal outcome in the presence of externalities. Incentive-based policies function within a new or an altered market. We first examine incentive-based policies, which cap the aggregate amount of the externality, such as carbon emissions, by allocating permits or rights to the emitters. The emitters are then free to trade their permits amongst them. The permit allocation mechanism is important-although market efficiency would be satisfied by an auction, political influences usually favour a proportional allocation based on historic emissions. We discuss EU ETS as an example of a cap-and-trade system, however, no such policy for CO₂ emissions in road transport has been implemented anywhere in the world to date.Fiscal instruments are, like command-and-control, widely used in road transport, because they are relatively cheap and simple to implement. They include the use of taxes and charges in order to bridge the gap between private and the social costs and, in principle, can lead to an efficient market solution. Registration, ownership, fuel, emissions, usage taxes, and parking and congestion charges have been implemented in many countries around the world. On the other side of the spectrum, subsidies can be given to those scrapping old cars and buying fuel-efficient vehicles. Some cities, such as London, have implemented congestion charges and many states in the United States have introduced high occupancy lanes. Other interesting possibilities include pay-as-you-drive insurance and other usage charges. However, the size and scope of taxes and subsidies are determined by governments, and because of their imperfect knowledge of the market the outcome is still likely to be inefficient.Governments have many effective economic instruments to create a sustainable road transport model. These instruments can be used separately or together, but their implementation will be necessary in the nearest future.     

探路、开路、筑路——为创立世界修船业共生时代再出发

中国修船业在国家改革开放的浪潮中,经历了三十多年的快速发展,如今已稳居世界修船大国的国际地位,而中国修船企业正在引领世界绿色修船科技的进步,也引起了国际修船业的高度关注.然而,在人类社会生态环境面临严峻挑战的当下,作为世界贸易和港口经济重要组成部分的修船产业,如何形成发展新格局,从生态层面推进绿色、低碳、数字"一体化"...     

船舶制造技术成熟度评估系统

在船舶制造中,技术成熟度的评估意识薄弱且缺少信息化手段。通过确定评估指标、设定权重,建立船舶制造技术成熟度评估系统,由系统计算成熟度的得分和等级,从总体设计、建造工艺、船厂建造资源能力、船舶研制定型后等方面进行评估。该系统可减少返工带来的时间成本、人力成本,提高船舶制造技术成熟度评估的科学性、准确性、可靠性、灵活性及效率。     

双鱼岛陆域高程确定的要素分析

双鱼岛作为离岸式城市综合开发类人工岛,岛上陆域高程是一个独立的系统,陆域高程的确定关系到规划、安全、护岸、景观、土方量和造价、防洪排涝、亲水性等。对人工岛填海造地期和使用期高程确定的主要因素进行论述,并整体介绍双鱼岛高程的变化趋势,对不同部位的高程确定进行分析,同时对工程安全性与景观的平衡、高程与上部规划的关系、高程与土方量及最优造价进行研究。研究成果可供类似工程的高程确定提供思路及参考。     

The Indian dry ports sector, pricing policies and opportunities for public-private partnerships

At the time of writing (2010), the world is witnessing the aftermath of the most severe financial sector meltdown in modern economic history caused by the real estate bubble in the United States. Its consequences on the real economy, especially in Europe, are yet to be fathomed, and this of course includes the longer-term impacts on international ocean transportation, ports and the distribution of global production.The economic recession has left the international shipping and port sectors with substantial overcapacity. This has resulted in drastic cost cutting measures on the one hand, and voluntary, often consensual, and coordinated reduction of supply on the other. These measures, together with a noticeable recovery in demand, are gradually leading again to improvement in prices charged by carriers and other transport service providers.In view of the country’s expanse; size of population; and regional inequalities, India’s dry ports (inland cargo consolidation and distribution centres) are seen by the government as a pivot of export-led growth and economic development (Haralambides & Gujar, 2011). Moreover, public and private sectors alike see the coordinated development of dry ports as the only way forward in terms of easing pressures at congested coastal ports, thus improving supply chain efficiency. In spite of this, dry port development and operations are still dominated by the public sector, under prices, capacity, land acquisition policies and other conditions that make private sector participation risky and comparatively unattractive. In order to rationalize dry port capacity and prices, this paper argues in favour of greater devolution through competition-enhancing Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). The paper puts forward recommendations for the necessary legal, regulatory and general economic policy interventions based on international best practice, while keeping Indian specificities in the right perspective.     

Spatial pattern of the global shipping network and its hub-and-spoke system

Port system is a research focus of transport geography, and most studies believe carriers are important factors in the development and concentration of the port system. Since the 1990s, carriers have played an important role in organizing the global shipping network and reorganizing the port system. But there isn’t a perfect method to evaluate carriers’ influence and the roles of each port in the maritime shipping networks. In this paper, we use the monthly schedule table of international carriers to describe and model the spatial pattern of the global shipping network and identify its hub-and-spoke system. The result shows that a hierarchical structure exists in the global shipping network. The North Hemisphere, especially the East Asia and the Southeast Asia, is a dominant region of the worldwide shipping network. East Asia, Southeast Asia, Northeast Europe, and East coast of the USA are the concentration regions of worldwide shipping lines. The ports of Hong Kong, Singapore, Shenzhen, Shanghai, and Kaohsiung etc have advanced capacity for maritime shipping and high potentials for being hub ports in the global shipping network. Today, the worldwide shipping network is transforming from the multi-port calling system to 44 regional hub-and-spoke systems. Meanwhile, the sub-networks with hub ports of Antwerp, Singapore, and Hong Kong have become the most important ones and dominate the whole global shipping network.     

高扬程升船机不同壁厚塔柱结构的抗震性能分析

基于200米级高扬程升船机固定壁厚塔柱结构形式,以混凝土用量一致为原则,拟定变壁厚塔柱结构形式。采用有限元软件ABAQUS,分别建立了固定壁厚和变壁厚两种塔柱结构模型,对塔柱结构的动力响应进行对比分析。结果表明:1)在自重荷载、风荷载和8度地震作用下,固定壁厚塔柱结构和变壁厚塔柱结构的顶部最大位移分别为38. 5、34. 7 cm,均满足规范限值。2) 3条地震波作用下,两种塔柱结构的顶部加速度比底部加速度都大,呈现加速度放大效应,放大2倍左右。3)筏形基础与塔柱结构交界面出现了压应力集中,筏形基础左右、中间部分及筒体内部区域出现了拉应力集中。塔柱截面和挡土墙交界处易发生应力集中。4)变壁厚塔柱结构的顶部最大位移,筏形基础的最大拉、压应力,截面最大等效应力,均比固定壁厚要小较多。变壁厚塔柱结构形式更优。     

中国古代造船业对世界的贡献与影响(连载一)

中国的独木舟出现可能与西方同期，风帆出现比埃及晚，但是一经问世，技术上先进程度却是惊人的，特别是公元前后到十五世纪，许多发明创造更是举世瞩目。这些发明和创造，不但丰富和发展了自己，而且使世界各国受益非浅，极大地促进了世界造船业发展与航海贸易进行，其贡献是辉宏的。通过以船型、水密舱壁、明轮推进、船舵与使帆技术、船体建造及其工艺、导航技术、造船理论、船舶检验与管理、水战兵器、郑和下西洋意义等十个方面进行介绍，它充分证明了中华民族有着光辉灿烂的文化，中国人民，是勤劳智慧的人民。在增加民族自豪感同时，也激励我们继往开来，与时俱进，勇往直前。