运行模态分析技术在船舶结构振动中的应用

运行模态分析是一种仅基于环境激励下结构的响应来提取模态参数的方法．通常假设环境激励为白噪声进行分析。实际上,船舶航行过程中所受激励十分复杂,除受海浪等随机激励外,还受到来自螺旋桨、主机等确定的单频激励。因此航行中的船舶所受激励应假设为白噪声和确定频率的激励同时存在。讨论运行模态分析方法在船舶结构中应用的可行性;在白噪声激励假设下,提出使用自互谱密度法来进行结构模态参数识别,并用简支梁实验对上述方法进行验证。最后将该方法运用于对某船航行中桅杆的振动响应数据进行分析和讨论。     

船舶水下辐射噪声特性研究

本文采用有限元/边界元(FEM/BEM)方法对船舶水下辐射噪声特性进行研究.首先应用五种类型的有限单元建立了接近于真实船舶结构的有限元模型(包括机舱动力设备),并应用有限元法完成了流-固耦合状态下,船舶结构振动位移响应数值计算.然后将有限元模型的外表面处理成边界元模型,并由船舶外表面位移响应计算得到用于水下辐射噪声计算的速度边界条件.最后利用边界元技术对船舶水下辐射噪声特性进行研究.本文预估了仅考虑推进柴油机激励、柴油发电机组激励、齿轮箱激励以及所有激励情况下的船舶水下辐射噪声,并将其数值计算与实际测量结果比较,比较结果符合良好.     

基于扭转弹性波理论的船舶柴油机推进轴系扭振研究

本文建立了连续轴模型中沿轴向传播的扭振弹性波的波动方程组,结合方程组的初始条件和边界条件及波动方程解的行波表达式,导出了各轴段扭转弹性波传播的解析表达式,利用数值迭代方法可求解;利用弹性波分析理论对船舶柴油机推进轴系的连续模型进行了扭振响应计算的研究,在激励力上可同时计及各谐次的综合作用,可精确计算共振及非共振工况的强迫振动响应,使计算过程与扭振实测分析过程完全对应.研究中,对某船舶柴油机推进轴系的扭转振动振形和轴系扭振响应进行了计算,获得了较好的效果.     

A practical method for torsional strength assessment of container ship structures

Container ship structures are characterized by large hatch openings. Due to this structural property, they are subject to large diagonal deformations of hatch openings and warping stresses under complex torsional moments in waves. This necessitates torsional strength assessment of hull girder of container ships in their structural design stage. In this paper, a practical method for torsional strength assessment of container ship structures with transparent and consistent background is discussed based on the results from up-to-date analyses. In order to estimate the torsional response characteristics as accurately as possible, three-dimensional Rankine source method, after being validated by tank tests, is employed for estimation of wave loads on a container ship, and FE analyses are conducted on the entire-ship model under the estimated loads. Then, a dominant regular wave condition under which the torsional response of the container ship becomes maximum is specified. Design loads for torsional strength assessment that give torsional response equivalent to the long-term predicted values of torsional response are investigated based on the torsional moments on several container ships under the specified dominant wave condition. An appropriate combination of stress components to estimate the total hull girder stress is also discussed.     

内河电力推进船功能区振动响应分析

船舶总是会因其动力源、推进器、波浪以及其他外部激励的作用而产生振动,甚至有害振动。文章通过有限元方法对某电力推进内河船不同功能区结构进行螺旋桨和主机激励作用下的振动响应计算,对比螺旋桨和主机激励作用下不同功能区的振动响应,并判断振动产生的速度及加速度幅值是否符合CCS相关规定的要求。结果表明,在螺旋桨激励作用下,不同功能区振动响应远大于主机激励作用下的振动响应,电力推进装置所产生激振力对电力推进船舶的振动几乎没有影响。由此,对电力推进系统助推的船舶振动计算分析及该类船的设计提供一定的参考。     

Fatigue damage prediction of ship rudders under vortex-induced vibration using orthonormal modal FSI analysis

Recently, the fatigue failure of ship rudders owing to vortex-induced vibration has increased as commercial ships become faster and larger. However, previous methods are inappropriate for fatigue failure prevention owing to the lack of fluid–structure interaction considerations. This study aims to develop a fatigue damage prediction method that can be applied at the design stage to prevent fatigue failure of ship rudders under vortex-induced vibration. The developed prediction method employed the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) method to properly consider the fluid–structure interaction and implemented orthonormal mode shapes to reflect the complex geometry and boundary conditions of the ship rudders. For validation, vortex-induced vibration of the hydrofoil model was obtained using the developed method, and the prediction results matched well with the experimental results. Then, the fatigue damage of the ship rudder model under vortex-induced vibration was predicted using the developed method, and their characteristics are discussed. The stress distribution obtained using the developed method matched well with the geometrical characteristics of the ship rudders. The potential for fatigue failure due to the resonance of vortex-induced vibration was expected by comparing the stress distributions for various flow velocities to the S–N curves provided by the DNV classification.     

某船舶推进轴系扭振计算分析

提高轴系扭振计算精度,必须有精确的原始参数,以准确掌握船舶轴系扭振情况。在有限元分析软件中,建立曲柄半拐等的三维模型,用有限元分析方法精确的确定了各质量、轴段的转动惯量、扭转刚度等精确原始参数。基于建立的实船轴系当量系统,计算出了各结自由振动的频率及对应的共振转速,自由端和飞轮输出端的振幅,分析了轴段应力和扭矩随曲轴转角及转速的变化关系。结果表明在整个转速范围内,扭转振幅小于限定值,轴段的最大扭矩和应力均小于材料许用值,本船舶轴系扭转振动状况是良好的。     

船艇轴系扭振状态测试与分析

由于船艇轴系扭振产生的原因复杂性,开展轴系扭振的测量技术研究显得非常重要.本文主要综合分析了齿轮加工及其工艺、脉冲发生电路时钟频率、船体振动3个方面对扭振测量精度的影响,系统分析了基于频率计数法的扭振测试系统的测试原理,并进行了相应的实船测试实验.结果表明,该测试方法对于船艇轴系扭振的测试达到与理论分析一致,是一种方便有效的船艇轴系扭振的测试方法.     

大型集装箱船上层建筑整体振动的分析方法

大型集装箱船上层建筑尺度向更高更短结构形式发展的同时,其固有振动频率的降低容易与螺旋桨、主机及外界的激振力产生共振,从而对船员的工作、生活环境及船体结构安全造成影响。如何分析该型船舶上层建筑的整体振动已成为船体振动研究的重要内容。以某9200TEU船为例,针对影响上层建筑整体振动的装载工况、结构范围、附连水质量及计算网格进行研讨,建立了若干有限元计算模型,推演多个模型结合设定工况的纵向、横向和扭转振动频率,进行大量的模拟计算,取得了分析上层建筑整体振动的可信依据。分析计算成果可供同类船舶在设计论证中参考。     

多源激励水下复杂壳体结构振动与辐射声场试验研究

设计了一个接近实际情况的多舱段复杂壳体模型,安装小型机械设备,分别进行了单台设备激励与多台设备同时激励的水下复杂壳体振动与声辐射试验;试验结果表明,多源激励下水中复杂壳体的结构响应、辐射声场近似为单源激励下结构响应、辐射声场的非相干叠加.然后从结构声辐射理论上推导了激励源与结构响应、辐射声场之间的传递关系,并以两个源激励为例分析了非相干叠加引起的误差,从而解释了多源激励下结构响应、辐射声场近似为单源激励下结构响应、辐射声场非相干叠加的合理性.这些研究表明,非相干叠加方法可推广应用于水下复杂壳体在多源激励情况下的振动与声场计算,对指导工程设计具有重要价值.     

船模在简谐激励存在时的运行模态分析(英文)

A ship is operated under an extremely complex environment, and waves and winds are assumed to be the stochastic excitations. Moreover, the propeller, host and mechanical equipment can also induce the harmonic responses. In order to reduce structural vibration, it is important to obtain the modal parameters information of a ship. However, the traditional modal parameter identification methods are not suitable since the excitation information is difficult to obtain. Natural excitation technique-eigensystem realization algorithm (NExT-ERA) is an operational modal identification method which abstracts modal parameters only from the response signals, and it is based on the assumption that the input to the structure is pure white noise. Hence, it is necessary to study the influence of harmonic excitations while applying the NExT-ERA method to a ship structure. The results of this research paper indicate the practical experiences under ambient excitation, ship model experiments were successfully done in the modal parameters identification only when the harmonic frequencies were not too close to the modal frequencies.     

某公务船抗碰撞性能研究

公务船在领海和专属经济区执行维权执法任务时,存在较高的与其他船舶发生主动或被动碰撞的风险。为了准确评估公务船的耐撞性能,本文以某公务船为例,考虑多种计算工况,对目标船的耐撞性能进行动态响应计算,获得了机舱及首部区域的结构损伤、应力、能量吸收等动态结构响应,并计算获得被撞船达到临界状态时的极限撞击速度。研究成果可为公务船的防撞结构设计提供参考。     

低速柴油机推进轴系频域稳态扭转振动分析

以载重10 000 t低速柴油机推进轴系为研究对象，创建其当量系统模型。基于系统矩阵法对推进轴系进行自由振动分析，求得扭转振动固有频率和振型。研究柴油机在全转速下的气体和往复惯性激励力矩，针对推进轴系在柴油机和螺旋桨共同激励下的频域稳态扭转振动响应特性进行计算，求得推进轴系扭转振动的主谐次、共振转速点和推进轴系各部件的应力值。结果表明，推进轴系在低阶频率振动时气缸和中间轴振幅较大，推进轴系应力远小于材料的屈服强度，船舶能够安全稳定航行，同时为推进轴系时域瞬态扭转振动研究打下基础。     

水弹性力学在SWATH船体结构振动响应分析中的应用研究

文章以三维水弹性力学理论为基础,对小水线面双体船的船体振动响应特性进行了分析,预报了该船体在航行时受发电机激励下的振动响应,并与实船测量结果进行了对比,结论表明三维水弹性力学方法在船体受机械激励作用下对于船体振动响应的预报是有效的,可应用于工程设计。     

船舶复杂轴系扭转振动建模及动力学分析

针对船舶复杂轴系结构,提出一种基于能量法的轴系扭转振动建模及动力学分析方法。该方法对船舶复杂轴系中的典型结构进行统一能量化描述,如联轴器、齿轮、负载等,并结合弹性轴的能量函数构建轴系结构的拉格朗日能量泛函;然后,利用最小二乘法和广义变分法,对轴系角位移展开项系数进行求解,从而建立适用于船舶复杂轴系结构的扭转动力学模型。通过与有限元方法计算结果相比较来验证该建模方法的准确性,并利用该方法分析连接刚度和负载转动惯量对整体轴系扭振特性的影响,以期为船舶复杂轴系设计提供一定参考。     

关于船舶规范中计算载荷的分析

本文利用非线性切片理论，以两条不同类型的船舶为例，具体分析了现行规范中关于波浪弯矩、砰击振动弯矩以及弯矩迭加计算时存在的一些问题；指出了在确定计算载荷时应当计及船舶在波浪中的失速，所谓的谐振波不一定就是最危险的规则子波，按动量冲击理论计算以底部砰击为主的船舶是不合适的，不应把波浪弯矩和砰击报动弯矩的最大值简单相加来确定合成弯矩。     

冰载荷冲击下的船舶推进轴系瞬态扭转振动响应分析

传统的推进轴系扭转振动响应计算聚焦于稳态响应,而传递矩阵法、系统矩阵法,可以取得满意的稳态计算结果,但无法处理冰区船舶、海洋工程船舶所遇到的变载荷、变惯量等瞬态工况。为了克服频域扭振计算方法在处理瞬态条件扭振问题的局限性,使用 Newmark 法从时域求解轴系扭转振动微分方程组,基于该算法对某船推进轴系在冰载荷作用下的瞬态响应做了数值计算。其结果表明,在冰载荷冲击下,轴系瞬态扭矩比稳态扭矩大;通过时频分析,在冰载荷作用期间,出现了明显的螺旋桨叶频激励,因此须避免冰载荷激励产生轴系扭转振动的叶次共振。 Newmark 法扭振计算结果与实船测试结果对比表明,该方法在稳态响应计算和时域曲线上都与实际测量结果基本一致,具有工程实用性。     

运行船舶轴系扭振特性与转速禁区的试验研究

介绍一种船舶试航时扭振测量方法,简要叙述了其工作原理.通过分析船舶试航时扭振特性,将轴系扭转应力对比于持续扭转许用应力及瞬时扭转许用应力,确定主机转速禁区.并以57000t＂MY WAY＂号散货船为例,简要介绍其主机转速禁区确定方法.     

集装箱船弯扭耦合振动分析

本文基于薄壁结构力学基本理论，提出了一种适合于大开口集装箱船弯扭耦合振动分析的薄壁梁有限元模型。该模型考虑了翘曲、剪切及剖面转动的影响，以及货舱大开口和抗扭箱（甲板梁）引起的结构不连续性。其例中，计算结果与三维有限元分析结果、模型试验结果相当吻合，而薄壁梁有限元的计算效率要高得多，算例还表明抗扭箱（甲板梁）对提高集装箱船的抗扭刚度有十分重要的意义。     

Design safety margin of a 10,000 TEU container ship through ultimate hull girder load combination analysis

Assessment of the ultimate longitudinal strength of hull girders under combined waveloads can be of particular importance especially for ships with large deck openings and low torsional rigidity. In such cases the horizontal and torsional moments may approach or exceed the vertical bending moment when a vessel progresses in oblique seas. This paper presents a direct calculation methodology for the evaluation of the ultimate strength of a 10,000 TEU container ship by considering the combined effects of structural non-linearities and steady state wave induced dynamic loads on a mid ship section cargo hold. The strength is evaluated deterministically using non-linear nite element analysis. The design extreme values of principal global wave-induced load components and their combinations in irregular seaways are predicted using a cross-spectral method together with short-term and long-term statistical formulations. Consequently, the margin of safety between the ultimate capacity and the maximum expected moment is established.