固有应变等效载荷法预测复杂结构的焊接变形

采用固有应变等效载荷法,对复杂船体分段结构的焊接变形进行模拟预测。将获得的固有应变在焊接固有应变区进行积分,把积分得到收缩力和收缩力矩定义为等效栽荷,确定等效戢荷的加栽区域及方式,运用有限元软件ANSYS,对焊接构件进行一次弹性有限元分析求解出结构的焊接变形量大小。文中以散货船的双层底分段结构为对象,采用固有应变等效载荷法对其进行焊接变形预测,计算结果表明,预测结果和实测结果具有良好的一致性,且计算时间短。     

预测船体分段焊接变形方法概述

船体分段在焊接过程中产生的焊接变形会使船体结构强度降低,精确预测和控制焊接变形是现代造船工艺的要求.焊接变形分析方法包括实验法、解析法、数值分析法、等效载荷法等,常用的是后两种方法.数值分析法采用热弹-塑性有限元模型精确模拟焊接现象,但计算工作量大;等效载荷法计算焊接区域的固有应变,并将其转化为等效载荷,进而应用弹性有限元分析求得整个结构的焊接变形.     

基于Weld-sta软件的船体结构焊接变形预测

预测船体复杂结构的焊接变形对制造工艺设计和精度控制具有重要的工程价值.基于固有应变理论,利用船体结构焊接变形预测专用软件Weld-sta对多用途船双层底结构焊接变形进行了预测,发现船长方向收缩最大变形量为13.2mm,船宽方向最大变形量14.5 mm.通过数值模拟结果与实验实测值的对比,可以得到软件计算的精度超过80%,验证了固有应变理论及软件用于焊接变形预测的可靠性,并在此基础上针对船体总段船台合拢的焊接变形进行了预测,发现焊接总收缩变形量为50.339 mm,与实际加工经验基本吻合.根据此结论可以针对各船体总段预留合理的焊接变形收缩量,验证了固有应变为基础的弹性板单元有限元预测法在船体总段合拢焊接中应用的可行性.     

50 000t级多用途船货舱双层底结构焊接变形预测

预测双层底船体结构单元的焊接变形,对于船体结构制造工艺设计和精度控制具有重要意义。以50 000 t级多用途船为对象,通过大量的计算和实测建立了船体结构焊接的固有应变数据库,整理得到了一个简化的以板厚为参数的固有应变计算公式,运用基于固有应变的弹性有限元分析的焊接变形预测专用软件WSDP,对第6货舱的双层底结构焊接变形进行预测,预测结果与实测结果具有良好的一致性,所建立的固有变形数据库以及简化计算公式的实用性得到验证。     

船用大型焊接结构的焊接变形预测实例

对船体结构中常见的焊接接头在焊接过程中的力学行为进行了热弹塑性有限元分析,确定其固有应变与热输入的关系。在掌握固有应变规律的基础上,应用固有应变焊接变形分析软件,对低温储罐结构的焊接变形进行了预测。表明采用基于固有应变的弹性板单元有限元法,能够对大型船体结构进行焊接变形预测。     

带有初始缺陷的船体结构极限强度研究

船体结构的初始缺陷主要有初始挠度和焊接残余应力,初始缺陷对于船体的极限强度有着重要的影响。针对目前初始缺陷的模拟较为复杂的问题,寻找一种初始缺陷的简化模拟方法,采用板弯曲理论反推并模拟初始挠度,运用基于固有应变的等效载荷法模拟焊接残余应力,在此基础上应用非线性有限元法建立计及初始缺陷的船体极限强度分析方法。计算结果表明,船体结构初始缺陷对船体结构的影响不可忽略,基于固有应变的等效载荷法可较好模拟焊接缺陷。     

固有应变的概念及其在船舶建造中的应用

本文阐述了固有应变的基本概念及影响因素,介绍了以固有应变为基础的弹性板单元有限元残余变形预测法。通过典型船体结构的焊接变形预测和船板的热应力弯曲成形变形计算的实例,验证了固有应变为基础的弹性板单元有限元残余变形预测法在船舶工业中应用的可行性。     

大型复杂船体分段焊接变形研究

为了预估大型复杂船体分段的焊接变形,运用热弹塑性法计算典型结构的焊接变形,得出典型船体分段的固有应变,采用固有应变法计算该船体分段焊接变形,并与实测结果进行对比验证。结果表明:采用固有应变法计算大型复杂船体分段的焊接变形是可行的;船体分段焊接变形呈现整体外张的趋势,且两舷侧边缘位置的焊接变形量最大。     

固有变形计算方法及其在船舶焊接结构变形中的应用

采用基于固有应变法的弹性有限元分析预测大型复杂结构的焊接变形的前提是必须已知焊缝附近的固有变形。结构的焊接残余应力与焊接变形取决于其接头的固有变形大小及分布,因此开发精确计算接头固有变形的方法,并依此建立一个完善的固有变形数据库对于大型复杂结构焊接变形的预测有重要意义。文中提出了几种计算固有变形的方法包括公式法、热弹塑性有限元法、实测法,并分别采用这几种方法对典型T型接头的横向固有收缩与纵向固有收缩进行计算,三种方法得到的结果比较一致。在此基础上,进一步以典型船体结构为研究对象,采用依照这三种方法建立的固有变形数据库对其焊接变形进行预测,并与实测数据进行比较,验证了该数据库的有效性。     

固有变形计算方法及其在船舶焊接结构变形中的应用（英文）

采用基于固有应变法的弹性有限元分析预测大型复杂结构的焊接变形的前提是必须已知焊缝附近的固有变形。结构的焊接残余应力与焊接变形取决于其接头的固有变形大小及分布,因此开发精确计算接头固有变形的方法,并依此建立一个完善的固有变形数据库对于大型复杂结构焊接变形的预测有重要意义。文中提出了几种计算固有变形的方法包括公式法、热弹塑性有限元法、实测法,并分别采用这几种方法对典型T型接头的横向固有收缩与纵向固有收缩进行计算,三种方法得到的结果比较一致。在此基础上,进一步以典型船体结构为研究对象,采用依照这三种方法建立的固有变形数据库对其焊接变形进行预测,并与实测数据进行比较,验证了该数据库的有效性。     

An efficient FE computation for predicting welding induced buckling in production of ship panel structure

In a Thermal-Elastic-Plastic (TEP) FE analysis to investigate welding induced buckling of large thin plate welded structure such as ship panel, it will be extremely difficult to converge computation and obtain the results when the material and geometrical non-linear behaviors are both considered. In this study, an efficient FE computation which is an elastic FE analysis based on inherent deformation method, is proposed to predict welding induced buckling with employing large deformation theory, and an application in ship panel production is carried out. The proposed FE computation is implemented with two steps:(1) The typical weld joint (fillet weld) existing in considered ship panel structure is conducted with sequential welding using actual welding condition, and welding angular distortion after completely cooling down is measured. A TEP FE analysis with solid elements model is carried out to predict the welding angular distortion, which is validated by comparing with experimental results. Then, inherent deformations in this examined fillet welded joint are evaluated as a loading for the subsequent elastic FE analysis. Also, the simultaneous welding to assemble this fillet welded joint is numerically considered and its inherent deformations are evaluated.(2) To predict the welding induced buckling in the production of ship panel structure, a shell element model of considered ship panel is then employed for elastic FE analysis, in which inherent deformation evaluated beforehand is applied and large deformation is considered. The computed results obviously show welding induced buckling in the considered ship panel structure after welding. With its instability and difficulty for straightening, welding induced buckling prefers to be avoided whenever it is possible.     

Numerical prediction and mitigation of out-of-plane welding distortion in ship panel structure by elastic FE analysis

As an application to predict and mitigate the out-of-plane welding distortion by elastic FE analysis based on the inherent deformation theory, a panel structure of a pure car carrier ship is considered. The inherent deformations of different types of welded joints included in this ship panel structure are evaluated beforehand using thermal elastic plastic FE analysis. Applying idealized boundary condition to focus on the local deformation, elastic FE analysis shows that the considered ship panel structure will buckle near the edge and only bending distortion is dominant in the internal region. In order to mitigate out-of-plane welding distortion such as buckling and bending, straightening using line heating is employed. In the internal region, only inherent bending with the same magnitude as welding induced inherent bending is applied on the opposite side of welded joints (fast moving torch). On the other hand, only in-plane inherent strain produced by line heating is introduced to the edge region to correct buckling distortion (slow moving torch). The magnitude of out-of-plane welding distortion in this ship panel structure can be minimized to an accepted level.     

20000TEU集装箱船水密横舱壁结构精度建造的预控

水密横舱壁作为20000TEU集装箱船的关键结构,对尺寸精度的要求十分严苛,尤其是焊接变形严重影响其建造精度。针对这一问题,采用基于固有变形理论的弹性有限元分析,来预测水密横舱壁结构的面外焊接变形。同时,比较了计算固有变形的两种方法的准确度,并且总结了热输入与固有变形各分量的经验公式,还提出了减小面外焊接变形的措施。结果表明,通过与实测数据对比验证了弹性有限元分析可快速、准确地预测水密横舱壁结构的面外焊接变形;对于对接接头,变形反演法比应变积分法得到的横向固有弯曲更准确;热输入与固有变形各分量呈线性递增关系;将整个水密横舱壁结构由原来的3段分成5段,并采用对称焊接顺序,面外焊接变形最小,同时会降低对船厂吊装能力的要求。     

基于固有应变理论的船体焊接变形仿真研究

大型船舶构件尺寸大、焊缝分布广,传统的有限元焊接仿真方法难以满足其大尺寸结构计算的要求。基于热弹塑性有限元法对T型局部接头进行焊接变形计算,获取焊缝处平均固有应变值,然后将其作为初始载荷施加在全尺寸壳单元分段模型上进行弹性计算,最终得到大型分段的整体焊接变形。仿真结果表明,结合小模型的热弹塑性法和大结构固有应变法,能准确高效的预测大型结构的焊接变形。     

A simplified non-linear numerical method for the assessment of welding induced deformations

Welding numerical simulation has always been a formidable challenge because of the involved complex phenomena to be modelled. The task is increasingly challenging when multi-runs welding or welding of ships is needed to be modelled. In these cases, the computational effort is so high that solving the problem via computational welding mechanics is impossible so far. Alternatively, different simplified numerical strategies were developed to overcome this issue such as those based on the inherent strain. Unfortunately, such numerical models are rarely able to capture the effects induced by a variation of the welding sequence or clamping conditions since they are solved in the elastic filed; most of them are therefore not useful to the design optimization of a welded assembly. In this scenario, a new approach is proposed to quantify the welding induced deformations that uses virtual elements to model the weld bead in the elastic-plastic filed and auxiliary elements to apply equivalent loads determined by experiments on a single welded joint. A specific inverse analysis algorithm has been developed to use the method. The model was applied to a real welded assembly in which both the welding sequence and clamping condition were varied. In addition, for the numerical validation, a novel registration algorithm has been developed to move from solid geometries to middle plane representations. Numerical results were found in good agreement with those obtained by experiments even when the welding sequence and clamping conditions are changed.     

Prediction and mitigation of out-of-plane welding distortion of a typical block in fabrication of a semi-submersible lifting and disassembly platform

Out-of-plane welding distortions of block structures during fabrication of offshore structure will significantly influence its dimensional accuracy and production schedule. Taking a B514 block of a semi-submersible lifting and disassembly platform as research object, typical welded joints and their welding conditions were summarized based on actual welding procedure specification (WPS). Effective thermal elastic plastic (TEP) finite element (FE) analysis with parallel computation technology was carried out to examine thermal-mechanical response. Welding inherent deformations, which are considered as the elementary cause of welding distortion, were then evaluated. With welding inherent deformations as mechanical loading, elastic finite element (FE) analysis was then employed to predict dimensional accuracy of examined B514 block, which has a good agreement with measurement data. In order to ensure the fabrication accuracy with less out-of-plane welding distortion, inverse deformation approach was applied to reduce the out-of-plane welding distortion, and influence of welding sequence on out-of-plane welding distortion was also examined. Both mitigation practices have obvious effect on dimensional accuracy of examined B514 block, while corresponding mechanical mechanisms were also clarified.