New simplified approach to collapse analysis of stiffened plates

A new simplified model for collapse analysis of stiffened plates is developed in the framework of the idealized structural unit method (ISUM). By idealizing material and geometrical nonlinearities, larger structural units are defined as an element in ISUM than in conventional finite element analysis (FEA). The proposed stiffened plate model consists of ISUM plate elements and beam-column elements. The formulation of the plate element is performed by introducing accurate shape functions to simulate the buckling/plastic collapse behaviour of plate panels. Combining plate and beam-column elements allows for both local buckling of the plate panel and overall buckling of the stiffener.Fundamental collapse modes of plate panels and stiffened plates are investigated by conventional FEA. According to the observed characteristics, the new simplified model is formulated. Comparisons with FEA demonstrate the accuracy of the simplified model and its high applicability to typical stiffened plates in marine structures.     

A computational investigation of the effects of both-sides general corrosion on the buckling/plastic collapse behaviour and strength of stiffened plates

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the post-buckling behaviour and ultimate strength of imperfect corroded stiffened steel plates used in ships and other marine-related structures. A series of elastic–plastic large deflection finite element analyses is performed on stiffened steel plates suffering general corrosion wastage with random distribution. General corrosion is introduced into the finite element models using a random thickness surface model. The effects of corroded stiffened plate parameters on the post-buckling and ultimate strengths are evaluated in detail. The stiffeners of different symmetrical or unsymmetrical cross-sections are introduced into the models for analysis. Some distinctions are explored and highlighted between the behaviours of steel plates suffering general corrosion in unstiffened and stiffened cases. Finally, a proposal is given in order to simulate the average stress–average strain relationship of stiffened steel plates having both-surface general corrosion wastage.     

Prediction of slamming pressure considering fluid-structure interaction. Part II: Derivation of empirical formulations

This is Part II in a series of papers. Part I [1] investigated the slamming responses of flexible flat stiffened steel and aluminum plates using the nonlinear explicit finite element code LS-Dyna with the Multi-Material Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (MMALE) solver. Subsequently, a simplified finite element FSI model of water hitting structures that is realistically close to the slamming phenomenon occurring on the bottom part of offshore structures was proposed. The proposed FSI methodology presented in Part I was verified by comparison with the relevant test data. It was evident that the use of the proposed numerical method presented in Part I was very effective for a benchmarking investigation of slamming load considering the hydroelastic effect. However, the method required much effort in terms of computation time and power analysis resources. The present study, Part II, aimed, as an alternative to the FSI analysis approach, to develop empirical formulae for prediction of slamming loads acting on deformable flat stiffened plates used in marine applications. This paper begins by describing the limitations of the existing approaches based on theoretical, experimental and even numerical studies conducted in the past for estimation of slamming loads. Next, it presents, based on the simulation methodology developed in Part I, rigorous parametric studies that had been performed on actual scantlings of marine-seagoing structures. The effects of structural geometry and water impact velocity on slamming pressure are then investigated in detail. Subsequently, the parametric results are analyzed and utilized to derive empirical formulations for the prediction of slamming loads acting on flat stiffened plates of marine structures. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed formulations are established by comparison with the results of the test and other existing formulations. The proposed formulations are expected to be used for the purposes of the design without any time-consuming FSI analysis of advanced and optimal structures that are robust to slamming.     

Welding-induced residual stresses and distortions of butt-welded corroded and intact plates

The welding-induced residual stresses and distortions of butt-welds between non-corroded and corroded steel plates are studied experimentally and numerically, simulating a repair in an aged structure. Butt welds are made between plates with different corrosion levels and intact ones, and temperature distributions and distortions have been measured. Finite element analyses of the butt-welded corroded and non-corroded plates are performed to estimate the welding-induced distortions and residual stresses for different levels of corrosion degradation. The environmental conditions during the welding repair process are also accounted for. Experimentally evaluated mechanical properties of corroded steel plates as a function of the temperature during the welding process are employed in non-linear finite element analyses. The importance of the material properties as a function of the severity of the steel plates' corrosion degradation on the welding-induced distortions and residual stresses is also quantified. This study shows the importance of considering the ageing of steel in the repair process. The developed methodology allows critical operational decisions to be made with greater ease and confidence in analysing the welding-induced distortions and residual stresses when ageing structures are repaired to extend their service life. Furthermore, different welding sequence scenarios may be analysed to identify the most appropriate repair solution in minimising the repair cost.     

基于连续小波变换的加筋板结构焊接裂纹检测(英文)

研究了如何使用连续小波变换工具来对加筋板结构的焊接裂纹进行检测.首先分析了裂纹对于板在焊缝位置的振动模态造成的影响,用有限元法求得含有不同长度焊接裂纹的加筋板结构的振动模态.然后对焊缝处板的振动模态信号进行连续小波变换,根据小波系数的极值判断裂纹位置和裂纹长度.研究结果表明,当裂纹很短时,其位置也可以很容易地被确定;而且当裂纹扩展到一定程度时,其长度也可以被检测出来.     

Fatigue life prediction of welded stiffened 350WT steel plates

The propagation of fatigue cracks under constant amplitude cyclic loading was studied in welded stiffened steel plates. The residual stresses in the stiffened plates were measured using the neutron diffraction strain-scanning technique. A finite element model of the stiffened plate was constructed to simulate the residual stresses by an uncoupled thermal and thermo-mechanical analysis. Both the finite element model and the neutron diffraction measurements indicated that in general the residual stresses were tensile near the welded stiffeners and compressive between the stiffeners and ahead of the starter notch tip. Fatigue testing indicated that the fatigue crack growth rates of the stiffened plates were in general lower than that of a corresponding unstiffened plate, especially near the notch tip where compressive residual stresses existed. Both the finite element method and Green's function predicted the fatigue crack growth rates with reasonable accuracy.     

加筋薄板简化方式对船体总振动影响的研究

以单向加筋板为主要研究对象，结合正交异性板理论和等效板厚理论提出了适用于振动分析的等效厚度正交异性板简化方法，并与常用的简化方法进行了比较。推导了3种简化方法下的加筋板固有频率的解析公式，并计算了四边简支单向加筋板固有频率。结果表明：本文提出的简化方法在求取单向加筋板低阶固有频率时计算结果与有限元结果前五阶误差在15%以内。文中应用该简化方法计算了一船体梁的固有频率，通过对船体梁甲板的加强筋结构进行简化，将模型总单元数降至原模型的27.6%，采用本文方法计算得到的船体梁垂向前三阶和扭转一阶振动频率优于传统的正交异性板简化方法，较原模型偏差在2.2%以内。说明等效厚度正交异性板简化方法在特定工程领域是可用的，且此法相较之前的方法有一定程度的改进，对相关研究和工程计算具有一定参考价值。     

含点蚀损伤船体加筋板在纵向压力下的极限强度

针对老龄化船舶结构上的点状腐蚀,利用非线性有限元方法进行计算,分析304个船体加筋板的极限强度,探讨带板柔度、加强筋柔度、腐蚀面积比和腐蚀深度比对纵向压力下含点蚀损伤船体加筋板极限强度的影响,拟合出点状腐蚀下船体加筋板极限强度折减公式并对其适用性进行验证,研究结果具有一定的工程参考意义和价值。     

Comparisons of calculations with experiments on the ultimate strength of wide stiffened panels

Five specimens of wide stiffened panel with four stiffeners under axial compression until collapse are studied with a nonlinear finite element analysis and Common Structural Rules to compare with the experimental results. The stiffened panel models have two longitudinal bays to produce reasonable boundary condition at the end of edges. Tension tests have been conducted to obtain the material properties of the steel that are used in the finite element analysis. Three boundary condition configurations are adopted to investigate their influence on the collapse behaviour of the stiffened panels. A displacement transducer was used to measure the initial geometrical imperfections of the stiffened plates. The collapse behaviour of the stiffened panels is analysed in finite element analysis with the measured initial imperfections and with nominal imperfections. An equivalent initial imperfection is validated for the ultimate strength of stiffened panel under compressive load until collapse for the panels under consideration. With the same imperfection amplitude, the shape of the column-type initial deflection of stiffeners affects significantly the collapse shape, but only slightly the ultimate strength and the mode of collapse of the stiffened panels. The 1/2 + 1 + 1/2 bays model with restrained boundary condition BC3 gives an adequate FE modelling and is possible to be fabricated in experiment.     

Dynamic plastic response of clamped stiffened plates with large deflection

Study on the dynamic response, and especially the nonlinear dynamic response of stiffened plates is complicated by their discontinuity and inhomogeneity. The finite element method （FEM） and the finite strip method are usually adopted in their analysis. Although many useful conclusions have been obtained, the computational cost is enormous. Based on some assumptions, the dynamic plastic response of clamped stiffened plates with large deflections was theoretically investigated herein by a singly symmetric beam model. Firstly, the deflection conditions that a plastic string must satisfy were obtained by the linearized moment-axial force interaction curve for singly symmetric cross sections and the associated plastic flow rule. Secondly, the possible motion mechanisms of the beam under different load intensity were analysed in detail. For structures with plastic deformations, a simplified method was then given that the arbitrary impact load can be replaced equivalently by a rectangular pulse. Finally, to confirm the validity of the proposed method, the dynamic plastic response of a one-way stiffened plate with four fully clamped edges was calculated. The theoretical results were in good agreement with those of FEM. It indicates that the present calculation model is easy and feasible, and the equivalent substitution of load almost has no influence on the final deflection.     

A Simplified Model for the Effect of Weld-Induced Residual Stresses on the Axial Ultimate Strength of Stiffened Plates

The present work investigates the compressive axial ultimate strength of fillet-welded steel-plated ship structures subjected to uniaxial compression, in which the residual stresses in the welded plates are calculated by a thermo-elasto-plastic finite element analysis that is used to fit an idealized model of residual stress distribution. The numerical results of ultimate strength based on the simplified model of residual stress show good agreement with those of various methods including the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) Common Structural Rules (CSR), leading to the conclusion that the simplified model can be effectively used to represent the distribution of residual stresses in steel-plated structures in a wide range of engineering applications. It is concluded that the widths of the tension zones in the welded plates have a quasi-linear behavior with respect to the plate slenderness. The effect of residual stress on the axial strength of the stiffened plate is analyzed and discussed.     

焊接诱导的残余应力对加劲板轴向极限强度影响的简化模型研究（英文）

The present work investigates the compressive axial ultimate strength of fillet-welded steel-plated ship structures subjected to uniaxial compression, in which the residual stresses in the welded plates are calculated by a thermo-elasto-plastic finite element analysis that is used to fit an idealized model of residual stress distribution. The numerical results of ultimate strength based on the simplified model of residual stress show good agreement with those of various methods including the International Association of Classification Societies(IACS) Common Structural Rules(CSR), leading to the conclusion that the simplified model can be effectively used to represent the distribution of residual stresses in steel-plated structures in a wide range of engineering applications. It is concluded that the widths of the tension zones in the welded plates have a quasi-linear behavior with respect to the plate slenderness. The effect of residual stress on the axial strength of the stiffened plate is analyzed and discussed.     

Effect of welding sequence on residual stress and distortion in flat-bar stiffened plates

Numerical simulation based on finite element modelling is used to study the influence of welding sequences on the distribution of residual stress and distortion generated when welding a flat-bar stiffener to a steel plate. The simulation consists of sequentially coupled thermal and structural analyses using an element birth and death technique to model the addition of weld metal to the workpiece. The temperature field during welding and the welding-induced residual stress and distortion fields are predicted and results are compared with experimental measurements and analytical predictions. The effect of four welding sequences on the magnitude of residual stress and distortion in both the plate and the stiffener is investigated and their effects on the ultimate strength of the stiffened plate under uniaxial compression are discussed. Appropriate conclusions and recommendations regarding the welding sequence are presented.     

不同焊接顺序下加筋板变形及残余应力的三维有限元研究

针对焊接过程的二维有限元计算与实际情况存在一定差别的问题，使用三维热弹-塑性有限元法对不同焊接顺序下加筋板焊接过程进行了仿真，获得了加筋板焊接引起的温度场、位移场和应力场。结果表明：在4点约束条件下，加筋板横截面的变形为中垂变形，纵筋的变形为中拱变形，方案1横截面变形更小，方案2纵筋变形更小。焊接引起的加筋板残余应力主要表现为横向应力，其在近焊缝区为拉应力，达到材料屈服强度，远离焊缝区表现为压应力，达到0.2倍材料屈服强度。加强筋横向应力峰值出现在起弧端和收弧端，约为0.85倍材料屈服强度，纵向应力峰值出现在焊接起弧端，约为0.3倍材料屈服强度。在加筋板横截面位置，焊接顺序主要影响加强筋处的残余应力；在加强筋位置，焊接顺序主要影响纵向应力。每组焊缝同时同向焊接，且每根纵筋从左向右依次焊接的焊接方案产生更小的残余应力。     

空间复合材料加筋板流固耦合振动分析

本文用结构有限元与流体边界元方法研究了空间复合材料加筋板结构的流固耦合自由振动，推导了用于结构分析的分项插值型复合材料八节点板单元和三节点梁单元，以及用于流场分析的线性边界单元。用修正的RIRZ向量法与波前法相结合的方法求解特征值问题，避免了因附连水质量引起的结构质量矩阵为满阵的内存困难和非对称矩阵方程约化困难。算例表明，附连水质量对复合材料结构的动力特性影响要比各向同性材料严重得多。     

船舶板梁组合结构的振动分析

采用Ｍｉｎｄｌｉｎ板单元和参考轴杆单元,建立了考虑板剪切变形、骨架剪切变形和骨架偏心影响的船舶板梁组合结构振动分析模型,并研究比较了不同船舶板梁组合结构振动分析有限元模型的计算精度。最后通过对某舱室甲板固有频率计算值和实测值的比较,讨论了船舶局部结构振动分析中边界条件处理问题。     

焊接残余应力对环肋圆柱壳水下声辐射影响研究

文章重点研究了焊接残余应力对环肋圆柱壳水下声辐射的影响。通过运用热弹塑性有限元法数值模拟环肋圆柱壳对接焊接过程,得到厚板环形焊缝的三维残余应力场和应变场,然后对含有残余应力的环肋圆柱壳动力特性进行研究,并运用有限元法和边界元法分析了低频激励下其水下声辐射的特点。研究结果表明焊接残余应力对环肋圆柱壳声辐射有较明显的影响,不仅使声辐射功率曲线和外场声压曲线向低频移动,而且使在大部分激励频率上含有焊接残余应力结构的声辐射功率和外场声压均大于无焊接残余应力结构。     

无加筋平板极限强度的简化解析法与规范公式的比较

无加筋板是船舶结构的主要构件之一，船舶结构强度校核的一项重要内容就是校核各平板单元是否具备足够的强度储备。最近几年，作者们采用弹性大挠度理论和刚塑性分析相结合的简化解析方法，曾给出了板和加筋板格在联合载荷作用下的极限强度计算公式，并与部分实验值相比，吻合较好，但没有与目前船级社所采用的规范计算公式作过比较。现作这一比较工作，也包括与有限元分析的比较；同时对以前所开发的简化解析法又作了进一步的改进，文章报道这一改进结果。最后，采用上述三种方法，对影响平板极限强度的几个主要参数进行了研究，结果表明，简化解析法与规范计算公式吻合较好。     

单向加筋板低频振动的简化建模精度影响因素

针对典型单向加筋板结构的低频振动问题,基于薄板弯曲理论,得到等效正交异性板计算公式,通过与有限元计算结果比较验证计算公式的正确性。分析质量等效、弯曲刚度等效与结构参数对简化方法精度的影响规律,并通过附加弯曲刚度比对筋条截面高度、筋条数量和基板厚度等3项结构参数进行定量比较分析,对简化方法的适用范围产生量化认识,为加筋板简化建模的应用场景提供参考性建议。     

EH47高强度厚钢板角焊缝裂纹修补工艺研究

随着造船业飞速发展,大量高厚度、高强度、高韧性的钢板被应用于大型集装箱船的上甲板区域。EH47是工业革新的最新成果,它的屈服强度高,被使用于万箱级集装箱船的上甲板区域。某船厂10000 TEU船舱口围钢板与舾装件角焊缝发生开裂,通过有限元计算出裂纹发生的可能性,并分析了开裂发生的原因,针对结构特点和材料特点,采用CO2气体保护焊焊补,通过选用合理的焊丝、预热温度、焊后保温等措施来防止裂纹的产生。