弧形体挠性接管力学模型及平衡性研究

提出了新型弧形挠性接管结构模型,建立了弧形挠性接管数学模型,对其进行了内压作用下的应力分析;对弧形挠性接管平衡性进行了深入研究,推导出管体骨架缠绕的平衡角公式,并对平衡角公式的正确性进行了验证.     

A finite element model for unbonded flexible pipe under combined axisymmetric and bending loads

Flexible pipes are key equipment for offshore oil and gas production systems, conveying fluids between the platform and subsea wells. The structural arrangement of unbonded flexible pipes is quite complex, encompassing several layers with polymeric, metallic and textile materials. Different topologies and a large amount of intricate nonlinear contact interactions between and within their components, especially because of the relative stick-slip mechanism during bending, makes numerical analysis challenging. This paper presents an alternative three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model that describes the response of flexible pipes subjected to combined axisymmetric and bending loads. To simulate the response of a flexible pipe under axial tension or compression combined with uniform curvature, an equivalent thermal loading is employed on the external sheath, which is modelled as an orthotropic thermal expansion material with temperature-independent mechanical properties. To assess the feasibility of the proposed model, the bending moment versus curvature of the finite element solution is compared with experimental results obtained in literature and good agreements are found between them. Detailed finite element results such as contact pressures, armour wire slip displacements and friction, normal and transverse bending stresses are also shown and compared with available analytical models.     

A finite element model for flexible pipe armor wire instability

The constructive disposition of metallic and plastic layers confers flexible pipes with high and low axial stiffness respectively when tensile and compressive loads are applied. Under certain conditions typically found during deepwater installation or operation, flexible pipes may be subjected to high axial compression, sometimes accompanied by bending. If not properly designed, the structure may not be able to withstand this loading and fails. From practical experience observed offshore and in laboratory tests two principal mechanisms, which will be discussed in this paper, have been identified regarding the configuration of the armor wires. When the pipe fails by compression the armor wires may exhibit localized lateral or radial deflections, consequently permanent damage is observed in the armor wires with a sudden reduction of the structure’s axial stiffness. The pressure armor may also unlock, thus causing potential fluid leakage.In this work a finite element model is developed to estimate the critical instability load and failure modes. An axi-symmetric model is constructed employing a complex combination of beam and spring elements. For each armor layer only one wire needs to be modeled, hence the computational cost is minimized without compromising the phenomenon characterization. A parametric case study is performed for a typical flexible pipe structure, where the friction coefficient between the wire armors and the external pressure are varied, and the critical instability loads and failure modes are obtained and results are discussed.     

钢带软管内压和弯曲研究

复合材料管已成为管道发展的热点和趋势。文中对钢带软管在同时受到内压和弯曲组合载荷作用下的力学性能进行了研究。基于建立的钢带软管的环向和径向力学平衡方程,提出了不同弯曲半径下该种类型管道的爆破压力理论计算方法。文中还进行了有限元数值模拟,并与理论计算结果对比分析,分析结果表明文中提出的爆破压力计算方法可作为此类管在同时受到内压及弯曲组合载荷作用下的通用算法,为解决此类工程问题提供重要参考。     

金枪鱼延绳钓船机电混合动力推进系统应用研究

作为一种新型推进方式,机电混合动力推进系统具有调速范围广、驱动力大、正反转易控、体积小、布局灵活、安装维修方便、振动和噪音小等优点。金枪鱼延绳钓船正常航行与作业航行时的航速不同,高航速航行时,使用柴油机推进系统;低航速钓鱼作业时,使用电力推进系统,柴电推进系统相互切换,相互联锁。经过实船测试,机电混合动力推进系统比柴油机推进省油约25%;前者可以提高金枪鱼船推进系统冗余度,提高船舶放钓、收钓作业工况下的操纵灵活性,大幅度提高船舶操纵性和综合推进效率,提高了船舶经济性与环保节能性,具有广阔的应用推广前景。     

Structural response of a flexible pipe with damaged tensile armor wires under pure tension

This article studies the structural response of a 6.0” flexible pipe under pure tension considering intact and damaged conditions. In the damaged condition, several wires of the tensile armor layers are assumed to be broken. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) model devoted to analyze the local mechanical response of flexible pipes is employed in this study. This model is capable of representing each tensile armor wire and, therefore, localized defects, including total rupture, may be adequately represented. Results from experimental tests validate the FE predictions and indicate a reduction in the axial stiffness of the pipe, a non-uniform redistribution of forces among the remaining intact wires of the damaged tensile armor layers and high stress concentrations in the wires near the broken ones. Moreover, the FE model indicates that significant normal bending stresses may arise in the pressure armor and inner carcass due to an uneven pressure distribution on these layers. Finally, the results obtained are employed to estimate the pull out capacity of the studied flexible pipe.     

平衡式弧形体挠性接管的缠绕模型研究

为了保证挠性接管在使用过程中的安全性,需要对其进行平衡性设计。提出一种新型弧形体挠性接管的设计方法。采用直管内部加压、两端向内挤压的方法进行弧形体挠性接管成型,通过对纤维帘线进行建模,确定直管对应于不同帘线缠绕角的长度;采用有限元方法计算确定满足平衡性要求的直管帘线缠绕角。通过合理设计以保证弧形体挠性接管具有足够的平衡性。     

Axisymmetric structural behaviours of composite tensile armoured flexible pipes

To address the weight and corrosion challenge in deep-water, replacing the steel tensile armour in flexible pipes with composite materials is an alternative conceptual approach. An axisymmetric structural responses model is built for this novel composite armoured flexible pipe, with interlayer gaps that may occur in the unbonded structure considered through an iterative algorithm. The tensile strength of steel and composite armoured pipes are predicted based on different constitutive relations of steel and composite. Essential quantities are obtained, such as tensile stiffness, deformations of each layer and interlayer gaps or contact pressures. Considering the helix form of carcass and pressure armour, a finite element model is established for the verification of the theoretical model. Case study shows that the tensile stiffness of flexible pipe is overestimated with the interlayer gap ignored. Compared with steel armoured flexible pipe, the composite armoured pipe, whose tensile stiffness decreases less as external pressure increases, meanwhile has higher values of tensile ultimate strength and torsion stiffness. Some suggestions about fiber types and volume fraction for composite tensile strips are given to ensure good performance of axial tensile strength and stiffness.     

Mechanical model and mechanical property analysis of fibre-reinforced hybrid composite pipes

Compared to conventional fibre-reinforced composite pipes, fibre-reinforced hybrid composite pipes are more complex and are characterised by the use of hybrid fibres, hybrid matrices, and multiple fibre winding angles. In this study, based on the mechanical model of conventional fibre-reinforced composite pipes, the cross-section division method, the radial pressure on the adjacent layer by spiral wound rope structures, and the calculation method of axial force in each layer were improved. Furthermore, the von Mises stresses in each layer were calculated to discriminate the failure to establish a mechanical model of fibre-reinforced hybrid composite pipes with any number of reinforced layers under axial tension, internal pressure, and external pressure. Experimental data and the finite element method (FEM) were used to verify the reliability of the established model, with the axial tensile mechanical properties analysed based on the established model. The results showed that the large-angle fibres no longer withstood the axial tensile load when the winding angle of the large-angle fibres was greater than 45°. The matrices yielding was much earlier than the fibre breakage. The matrices hybrid methods have a large influence on the axial tensile properties of fibre-reinforced hybrid composite pipes, and improving the material properties of the inner and outer liners can significantly improve the axial tensile properties of fibre-reinforced hybrid composite pipes.     

A finite element methodology for birdcaging analysis of flexible pipes with damaged outer layers

Flexible pipes are commonly exposed to damages on the outer layers due to abrasion with seafloor or improper installation and operation, which may render them vulnerable to birdcaging failures. This paper presents a finite element model for the residual axial compressive strength evaluation of a flexible pipe with local damage on the outer layers. The elastoplastic nonlinearity of tensile armour steel layers and hyperelasticity of polymeric outer sheath are taken into account. This model is verified against existing test data. Parametric studies are then performed by varying the damage size in either the pipe axial or circumferential directions. The flexible pipe axial resistance, deformations, as well as the tensile armour wires layers stress states near the damaged section under different damage and axial compression conditions are discussed. The case studies show that damage on the outer layer, especially the anti-birdcage tape layer, is highly detrimental to flexible pipe residual strength against axial compression. The present results and discussions are instructive in understanding the flexible pipe birdcaging mechanism.     

RFID wireless system for detection of water in the annulus of a flexible pipe

Corrosive environments are responsible for the highest degree of degradation and failure in marine structures. The presence of sea water in marine structures such as flexible pipes can cause a significant reduction in their operational life, especially when associated with permeated gases, which could lead to corrosion related failure mechanisms such as corrosion-fatigue and hydrogen cracking. The ingress of sea water into flexible pipes can occur either due to ruptures in their external polymeric sheath or to permeation of condensed water from the pipe bore. This event since flooding of the so-called annular space of flexible pipes is the trigger for all knows corrosion assisted failure modes, it is clear that a system that is able to reliably detect the presence of water in the structure is highly desirable. This work will describe a radio frequency identification (RFID) system designed for this purpose; it relies on the measurement of shifts in the resonance frequency of specially-designed tags which would be inserted within the layers of the flexible pipe during manufacturing. This paper shows the design and validation process of these tags and also of a reader which is meant to be scanned along the outside surface of the pipe by a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV). The study was performed through a finite element analysis and a test in which the tags were inserted within a full-scale mock-up of a flexible riser, which was then flooded with synthetic seawater. Results show that the shift in response due to sea water is clearly identifiable and distinguishable from other effects.     

挠性接管对管壁弯曲振动的隔离性能分析

采用分析软件ANSYS就理想情况下袖套式挠性接管在不同的边界条件和布置情况下，对管路中沿管壁传播的弯曲振动的隔离性能分析表明，挠性接管在大部分频段上能有效的隔离弯曲振动，但也有可能使振动放大，这与其边界条件和布置情况密切相关，由此对挠性接管的布置安装提出建议.     

FEM-based evaluation of friction and initial imperfections effects on sandwich pipes local buckling

Sandwich pipes have been studied as one option to overcome the high pressure problems in deep and ultra-deep waters. They have become a possible alternative solution for submarine infrastructure due to its thermal insulation capacity. This contribute to preventing the pipeline from clogging due to the difference in temperature between reservoir fluids and water at the bottom of the sea. The pipelines in ultra-deepwater are continually exposed to severe operating conditions, such as the effect of high levels of external pressure that can cause local deformation or even collapse of the pipe. Thus, a greater understanding of the mechanical behavior of sandwich pipes is required. This paper presents a FEM-based evaluation of friction and initial imperfection effects on sandwich pipes local buckling. The non-linear evaluation was carried out in FEM of local buckling of two sandwich pipes, with polypropylene and cement as filled annular material. The influence of initial imperfections and the degree of friction, between the annular material and the steel pipes, as well as geometric variations of the pipe were considered. The numerical simulations results indicate a capacity to withstand ultra-deep waters collapsing pressures, around 3000 m, either for polypropylene or cement filled annular material model. In addition, the results indicate that the collapse pressure is inversely proportional to the increase in annular thickness and directly proportional to the decrease in friction which have an impact and contribution on the carrying capacity of the sandwich pipe. Further research will consider a design of experiments analysis of reported effects for different diameter-to-thickness ratios.     

超大型浮体柔性夹层连接器力学性能研究

考虑连接器作为超大型浮体最为薄弱的构件之一,研究带有柔性夹层连接器的力学特性,旨在明确柔性夹层对连接器的刚度和应力变化的影响.通过建立钢与柔性夹层的本构模型,采用接触力学分析手段,对连接器进行力学分析,分别获得超弹性橡胶和尼龙作为柔性夹层时连接器的力学特性和刚度变化曲线,并获得不同厚度,初始弹性模量和泊松比对这一结果的影响程度.分析发现,超弹性橡胶与尼龙对于连接器的应力大小具有显著影响,采用超弹性橡胶和尼龙夹层时,连接器的应力水平与应力分布也明显不同,同时材料参数的变化对于连接器的刚度变化影响较大.可根据实际需要,对柔性夹层材料进行参数优化,既得到合理的连接器刚度,又将连接器应力水平控制在合理范围内.     

深水管中管结构动态边界条件非线性时域分析

随着海洋油气开发工程作业水深的增加,管中管结构承受的波浪、海流深海环境载荷增大,可能会引发强度破坏以及疲劳损伤,造成重大损失,所以开展深水条件下管中管系统的力学行为分析研究是有必要的。本文考虑了顶部张紧力和动态边界,利用有限元模型来模拟管中管结构及其力学行为。并利用接触单元模拟内外管接触的约束条件。综合统计了管柱的接触碰撞位置和应力危险位置,提出了新型扶正器的布置方案,以达到减缓碰撞保护管柱的目的,并对比了等距离设置扶正器的方案。通过对比研究发现本文提出的扶正方案有效减缓了内外管的应力等级,对于实际工程和研究具有一定指导价值。     

Local structural analysis of flexible pipes subjected to traction,torsion and pressure loads

Helically armored cables or pipes find a wide range of applications as structural members in engineering. An example of this is the increasing use of flexible pipes in the oil offshore production. Although keeping a geometrical similarity with other helically armored structures such as wire ropes and ACSR conductors, and borrowing from them a useful methodology for the structural analysis, some care must be taken in order not to indiscriminately use an approach which was not thought for a flexible pipe: internal and external pressures, for instance, are a great concern in the analysis of flexible pipes, but obviously not for wire ropes. This work aims at giving some additional contribution to the structural response of flexible pipes when subjected to axisymmetric loads, including the effect of both internal and external pressure in pipe displacements. Derivation of linear operators, relating the stress-resultants to their related displacements or deformations in each of the layers of the pipe, as well as the process of deriving an analogous linear operator to represent the behavior of the pipe as a whole, are clearly presented, highlighting interesting mathematical aspects and their associated physical meaning. A numerical case study of a 2.5″ flexible pipe subjected to traction and internal pressure is also presented and discussed.     

A model for the biaxial dynamic bending of unbonded flexible pipes

An analytical model is given to investigate the behavior of unbonded flexible pipes under biaxial dynamic bending. The stick-slip conditions of each wire are studied in the framework of incremental analysis by an operator splitting of the time step into a stick-state prediction and a slip-state correction step. The tension gradient is calculated using the classical return-mapping algorithm and the obtained tension gradients are integrated numerically to find the axial tension by imposing appropriate boundary conditions. From the axial tension the bending moments with respect to the principal bending axes of the pipe are obtained. Poisson's effect, bending induced tension in the wire, shear deformations of the supporting plastic layer and the changes of the effective torsion and curvature increments of the wire after slip occurs are taken into account in the model. The results of bending moment–curvature relationship from this model are compared with the test data from simple bending and good correlations are found. The comparison of the biaxial bending moment results between this model and the available model also shows good agreement.     

港内供油作业船舶“首尾自卷式缆车直接系泊”安全性分析

文中分析了港内供油作业船舶缆车、缆桩受力,介绍了自卷式缆车直接系泊的安全性能,并提出了使用自誊式缆车的相关建议。     

基于有限元法的柔性靠船桩设计分析

选取广州港某扩建码头中使用的柔性靠船桩作为工程实例,采用P-Y曲线法,利用通用有限元软件ANSYS对柔性靠船桩进行受力分析;同时土体采用Mohr-Coulomb模型,利用有限差分软件FLAC建立实体土单元与柔性靠船桩相互作用模型进行桩的受力复核,并将二者的计算结果进行对比分析,得出较为合理的设计成果,为港工设计人员提供有效参考。     

基于ANSYS的输流管道流固耦合特性分析

应用有限元分析软件ANSYS对输流管道在不同约束条件下进行流固耦合动力学模拟计算和模态分析,得到输流管道在不同约束方式下管壁特征点径向位移、应力与固支点反作用力历程图、固有频率及振型,计算结果对优化管道系统和维护管道系统运行有一定的指导意义。