高精度测量在渤海湾单点导管架安装过程中的应用

从利用海洋废弃导管架出发,介绍为实现海洋平台导管架陆地和海上部分的对接,废弃导管架陆地部分与海上部分的主要测量内容和测量精度要求;分析导管架测量与常规测量比较存在的主要难点;提出几何测量方法较常规传统测量存在的误差传递积累和测量精度低而言,简便、易操作、精度高;介绍几何法测量的具体原理和计算公式,说明导管架桩腿之间距离以及导管架倾斜角度精确测量的详细步骤和计算方法,并对桩腿之间距离的误差、倾斜角度误差传播公式进行推导;结合实例说明导管架安装精确测量的过程,计算测量结果和测量误差,总结导管架安装几何方法测量的基本经验。     

海上风电场风机桩基局部冲刷计算

建设海上风电场时,风机所处的环境十分复杂,在风、浪、流等要素的影响下,风机桩基周围会出现冲刷坑,而风机桩基的局部冲刷深度是工程设计的重要参数.采用胜利埕岛油田海洋平台桩基局部冲刷现场观测资料,对常用的两个桩基局部冲刷经验公式进行验证,并对拟建的风电场工程风机桩基的局部冲刷深度进行计算,计算结果具有一定的参考价值.     

圆桩倾斜方向对冲淤演变影响的试验研究*

恒定水流条件下,针对向上游、下游、侧向倾斜及竖直的圆桩进行泥沙冲淤试验。采用冲刷深度-时间经验公式拟合平衡冲刷深度,研究了不同倾斜方向桩的最大冲刷深度、冲刷淤积发展及最终的冲淤形态分布。试验结果表明：1）倾斜桩横向冲刷范围较小。与竖直圆桩相比,向下游倾斜桩的最大冲深减少16.89%,桩后淤积长度缩短。2）侧向倾斜桩最大冲深增加6.92%,冲淤形态向倾斜侧发展,桩后淤积沙丘呈窄长型。3）向上游倾斜圆桩的最大冲深增加15.62%,冲刷坑向上游发展,桩后淤积高度最高,纵向冲刷长度最长。     

海洋平台桩基的冲刷机理

从桩基周围的水流结构和此水流条件下泥沙的运动来叙述桩基冲刷的过程,总结平台桩基冲刷的机理及影响冲刷坑位置与大小的因素,综合前人的研究,认为海洋平台周围水流状态对桩基的冲刷研究有待进一步深入。     

海上平台消防水系统管材选择

结合海上平台的特点,重点论述了海上平台消防水系统选材应考虑的因素,并从技术上和经济上对目前海上平台常用的消防管材进行比较,同时总结了各种常用消防管材的最佳应用场合,以期对海上平台消防水系统管材选择提供参考.     

黏性土地基桩基础局部冲刷深度预测方法

基于波、流作用下基础局部冲刷机理,选取冲刷最相关参数,构建了以实测冲刷数据为基础的局部冲刷深度幂乘公式统一形式。以广东某海域实际海上风电工程为例,采用文章所提出方法对单桩、高桩承台基础及导管架基础3种型式共71个机位的桩基础冲刷数据进行了分析,通过多元线性回归确定了冲刷公式系数。对比分析了考虑波浪的韩海骞公式、铁路与公路规范推荐公式和文中冲刷公式的计算误差,结果表明提出公式平均相对误差和方差均比常用冲刷公式小。所形成方法可供周边海域其他海上风电工程或其他海洋工程防冲刷工程设计参考。     

海上风电单桩基础采用抛石修复冲刷坑的施工实践

目前海上风电单桩基础多采用软体土工布砂被防护方案,因风电场所处海域海床演变频繁,属于稳定性差场地,在潮汐、波浪等作用下对桩周土体产生冲刷,使砂被防护失去原有效果,导致海床下降。为保障风机稳固运行,需对原冲刷防护进行修复处理。文章从经济性、适用性等方面对海上风电单桩基础冲刷坑修复的两种方案进行了比对,研究了一套完整的抛石修复施工工艺,并进行了成功实践,可为类似海上风电基础防冲刷的设计与施工提供借鉴。     

海上多边形筒形基础局部冲刷数值模拟研究

基于CFD方法建立海上风电基础三维冲刷数值模型，研究单向流作用下海上风电基础局部冲刷特性。首先，通过所建立数值模型计算1:20比尺下的海上风电筒形基础的局部冲刷深度和尾涡绕流，并与相同比尺下的物理模型试验进行对比，结果吻合较好。进而，针对实际海况下的多边形筒形基础开展原型尺寸下的局部冲刷数值模拟，得到了冲刷平衡状态下多边形筒形基础周围各测点冲刷深度时程曲线和床面等高线，研究结果可为类似海上风电基础周围冲刷防护提供技术参考和工程借鉴。     

海上风电场风机桩基局部冲刷计算

建设海上风电场时,风机所处的海洋环境十分复杂,在风、浪、流等气象水文要素的影响下,风机桩基周围会出现冲刷坑,进而影响风机基础的稳定。因此,风机桩基的局部冲刷深度是工程设计的重要参数。采用埕岛油田海洋平台桩基局部冲刷现场观测资料,对国内常用的2个计算桩基局部冲刷深度的经验公式(韩海骞公式和王汝凯公式)进行验证,运用波流合成速度代替纯潮流速度。结果表明该海域波浪对泥沙的作用不可忽略。韩海骞公式重新计算的结果与实测值吻合良好。     

浪流作用下吸力式桶形基础的承载力研究

吸力式桶形基础作为是一种应用于海上风机的新型基础形式,具有施工速度快、可重复利用和费用经济等优点,被广泛应用于海洋平台和海上风电等结构的基础中。实际海洋环境中,在波浪、海流的耦合作用下会在基础周围产生冲刷,减少基础有效入土深度,将影响其承载特性。结合室内模型试验,通过建立波流作用下吸力桶-土精细化数值分析模型,对波浪和冲刷作用下吸力式基础的承载特性进行分析。研究表明:随着波浪荷载的增大,吸力式桶形基础的承载性状由循环稳定转变为循环失稳,相同波浪荷载下,冲刷会造成基础桶顶位移量显著增大;随着冲刷深度的增加,吸力式桶形基承载能力整体呈下降趋势。     

草尾河挖槽河段水位下降及其对上游的影响

挖槽是航道整治的主要措施之一,但挖槽会引起水位下降,给航道通航带来负面影响。为了解水位降落的传递规律,根据洞庭湖草尾河阿弥石至响水坎河段航道全线挖槽的物理模型试验资料,对挖槽所引起的水位下降及其向上游传递规律作了初步分析和论证。     

Technical,allocative and cost efficiencies of Chinese ports

This paper reports on empirical studies of the technical, allocative, and cost efficiencies (CEs) of Chinese ports based on the panel data of 16 listed port corporations from 1998 to 2011 by means of Bayesian Inference and Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. An error terms approach is used to resolve the Greene Problem in the estimation of allocative efficiency. The results show that the technical efficiencies have tended to decline in most ports. Inputs to R&D and improving management level are insufficient to offset this decline. Seaports have higher CEs than river ports. Ports with higher container cargo proportion have higher CEs. Ports with more than 50% of shares owned by the State have higher CEs.     

Developments in UK shipping: the tonnage tax

The new UK Government, elected in May 1997, came to power with a commitment to reverse the decline of the UK shipping industry and enhance the employment prospects of UK seafarers. The Government commissioned Lord Alexander of Weedon to investigate the case for a tonnage tax. In this paper, the economic arguments for supporting the UK shipping industry are reviewed. There is some evidence that the UK holds a comparative advantage in world markets in key sectors of the shipping industry and on-shore maritime related activities, but is being undermined by lower foreign taxes. In the absence of government support, the UK shipping industry is likely to continue to decline, and, by further reducing the supply of qualified UK ex-seafarers, put at risk the successful on-shore activities. Various measures that might be used to support a national shipping industry, e.g. a tonnage tax, are considered. The paper concludes by discussing the likely impact of the tonnage tax on the UK's shipping industry.     

基于螺旋桨负荷特性的双桨船操纵性预报

通过对双桨船内、外两桨负荷变化情况及其对舰船回转性和回转速降计算结果影响的分析,提出了采用等功率法分别计算双桨船内、外两桨的转速、进速系数等,进而确定两桨的推力和转艏力矩,从而进行双桨船回转性和回转时速降预报.以某双桨船为例,分别用等转速法、等推力法和等功率法进行回转轨迹、回转时螺旋桨推力、速降和转艏力矩的计算.计算结果表明：采用等功率法与采用等转速法所得到的回转轨迹基本相同,较之等推力法所得到的回转直径的计算结果更接近实船实际情况;采用等功率法所得到的速降介于等转速法和等推力法之间,最为接近实船的实际情况.     

Developments in UK shipping: the tonnage tax

The new UK Government, elected in May 1997, came to power with a commitment to reverse the decline of the UK shipping industry and enhance the employment prospects of UK seafarers. The Government commissioned Lord Alexander of Weedon to investigate the case for a tonnage tax. In this paper, the economic arguments for supporting the UK shipping industry are reviewed. There is some evidence that the UK holds a comparative advantage in world markets in key sectors of the shipping industry and on-shore maritime related activities, but is being undermined by lower foreign taxes. In the absence of government support, the UK shipping industry is likely to continue to decline, and, by further reducing the supply of qualified UK ex-seafarers, put at risk the successful on-shore activities. Various measures that might be used to support a national shipping industry, e.g. a tonnage tax, are considered. The paper concludes by discussing the likely impact of the tonnage tax on the UK's shipping industry.     

Changes in size at maturity of European hake Atlantic populations in relation with stock structure and environmental regimes

European hake (Merluccius merluccius) female size at maturity is estimated on an annual basis for Bay of Biscay and Galician coast, which are parts of the distribution of the Northern and Southern stocks, respectively. Clear trends in this reproductive parameter are observed along the time series and the potential factors affecting these trends have been investigated. Total biomass, different indexes of SSB, age diversity index, fishing mortality at age, NAO winter index, upwelling index and temperature were included in multiple regressions models to assess the relative importance of each of them on shifts in size at maturity.Bay of Biscay and Galician coast hake have followed different evolution in patterns of changes in size at maturity. In Bay of Biscay, a steadily decline of 15 cm has been observed from 1987 to 2004, which is well predicted by fishing mortality and age diversity, but also the environment may have played an important role. However, on the Galician coast a drastic decline of 16 cm from 1980 to 1988 was followed by a rapid increase in size at maturity during the next 10 years to original values and a stable period in the last 6 years. Decreasing biomass may explain the decline in size at maturity in the first period. However, total biomass and spawning biomass declined even during the period when size at maturity increased, which is contrary to compensatory theory. Shifts in environmental regime, NAO and upwelling, may have contributed to a decelerated growth during this period that might explain the later maturation.     

整流罩对深海立管水动力影响的数值模拟研究

应用CFD大涡模拟方法,对附有整流罩的深海立管的水动力影响效果进行了三维数值模拟。对不同的弦厚比在雷诺数分别为3 900、10 000和20 000条件下进行模拟分析,得到立管后方阻力系数、升力系数、斯特劳哈尔数及其频谱等特性。模拟结果表明:整流罩对立管升力和阻力有明显的抑制效果,相较于光滑立管,阻力系数均值降幅最大达到24.1%,升力系数均方根值降幅最大达到81.1%。阻力系数均值随弦厚比的增加先减小后趋于平稳升力系数均方根值随弦厚比的增加而增加。对比结果显示,弦厚比为1.2~1.6时,整流罩对立管的升力和阻力抑制效果较好。     

The decline of the UK merchant fleet: an assessment of government policies in recent years

This paper attempts to outline the evolution of UK shipping policy since the mid 1980s, in the context of the decline of the UK Merchant Marine. It provides an analysis of the action, or inaction, of the UK government during the period up to 1991, and assesses whether a coherent and logical policy has been developed. In so doing it evaluates whether the UK is in line with the actions of the EC and its other maritime competitors in the field of shipping policy and whether, as a consequence, the decline of the Merchant Marine has been actively hindered or helped. An assessment is also made in the light of continuing political developments in the UK, and those predicted for the coming months.     

河床变化对赣江下游河段航道整治参数的影响分析

赣江下游河道近年来受河床采砂、航道整治等影响,河床下切、水位下降,河床形态发生变化,该段航道整治参数也发生变化.在对赣江樟树至外洲河段河床变化计算分析的基础上,结合河床下切对河道水文特性影响的分析,依据最低通航水位及航道整治线宽度计算方法及原理,分析了赣江樟树、丰城、市汊、外洲水文(位)站的最低通航水位、樟树至外洲段的整治线宽度变化,并与Ⅲ级航道整治中设计的参数进行对比分析,得到河床变化对赣江下游的航道整治参数的影响.     

船舶气囊下水过程中船体倾角变化的测试与研究

为研究船舶气囊下水过程船体横向和纵向倾角的变化过程,采用基于工控机的倾角测试系统。该系统由倾角传感器、RS-232串行总线及工控机等元件组成。通过对测试结果的分析计算,结论表明：该船舶在气囊下水过程中,最大纵向倾角发生在船舶艉落阶段,最大值为1．8。左右,下水过程平稳,没有明显的艏落现象发生,同时船舶下水过程横向摇摆幅度很小。