Least-weight topology and size optimization of high speed vehicle-passenger catamaran structure by genetic algorithm

Selection of the “best” or “optimum” engineering design has always been a major concern of designers. Reduction of hull weight is the most important aim in the structural design of many ship types. But the ability of designers to produce optimal designs of ship structures is severely limited by the calculation techniques available for this task. Complete definition of the optimal structural design requires formulation of size–topology–shape–material optimization task unifying optimization problems from four areas and effective solution of the problem. So far a significant progress towards solution of this problem has not been achieved. In other hand in recent years attempts have been made to apply genetic algorithm (GA) optimization techniques to design of ship structures. An objective of the paper was to create a computer code and investigate a possibility of simultaneous optimization of both topology and scantlings of structural elements of large spatial sections of ships using GA. In the paper GA is applied to solve the problem of weight minimization of a high speed vehicle-passenger catamaran structure with several design variables as dimensions of the plate thickness, longitudinal stiffeners and transverse frames and spacing between longitudinals and transversal members. Results of numerical experiments obtained using the code are presented. They show that GA can be an efficient optimization tool for simultaneous design of topology and sizing high speed craft structures.     

基于神经网络与遗传算法的潜艇舱壁结构优化

建立了某潜艇端部耐压平面舱壁结构优化设计的数学模型,以舱壁上加强桁(筋)结构的剖面尺寸为设计变量,结构强度、稳定性、工艺性要求为约束条件,以加强桁(筋)结构总体积为目标函数,用人工神经网络方法代替结构的有限元分析,结合遗传算法完成了舱壁的结构优化设计。在为网络生成学习样本时,自行设计了正交表,解决了因为设计变量多,无法选取合适正交表而随机取样的问题。数值仿真结果表明,优化设计方案质量较原始初步设计方案减少了18.3%。     

新型码头钢-混凝土组合面板

基于特殊需要,提出了带型钢加劲肋的钢板-混凝土组合板这一新型组合码头面板。以加劲肋形式、组合板厚度和栓钉布置为参数,进行了9块组合板的力学性能试验。试验结果表明,通过适当地选择型钢加劲肋形式、合理地布置栓钉和确定混凝土厚度,可以保证组合作用的发挥。组合板的正截面承载力可按基于修正平截面假定的极限状态计算;组合板的变形,可在按现行钢结构设计规范计算的基础上,加上考虑界面滑移影响的附加变形值予以修正。计算值与试验值吻合较好。     

Improved design formulas for the ultimate strength of platings with circular openings and manholes under uniaxial compression

The paper focuses on the ultimate strength of perforated platings with circular openings and manholes, eventually reinforced by ringed or carling stiffeners, in order to develop a comprehensive and rationale format, useful to assess the ultimate capacity of perforated plate panels under uniaxial compression. In this respect, a large number of FE simulations is performed by Ansys Mechanical APDL, in order to provide new design formulas for the ultimate strength of platings with circular openings or manholes and, subsequently, for perforated plate panels reinforced by local stiffeners. The design formulas are developed by properly varying the opening size and the scantlings of ringed or carling stiffeners, in order to provide a comprehensive set of design curves. Hence, the incidence of the opening longitudinal position on the ultimate capacity of perforated platings, without and with local stiffeners, is also investigated. Finally, the proposed equations are applied in a straightforward design example. Based on current results, the new design formulas allow a reliable assessment of the ultimate capacity of platings with circular openings or manholes and the incidence of local stiffeners on the plating ultimate strength, so providing a rationale design format that could be easily embodied in current Rules and guidelines.     

Assessment of IACS-CSR implicit safety levels for buckling strength of stiffened panels for double hull tankers

The present study aims at applying structural reliability methods to assess the implicit safety levels of the buckling strength requirements for longitudinal stiffened panels implemented in the IACS Common Structural Rules (CSR) for double hull oil tankers. The buckling strength requirements considered are used in the initial stage of the hull girder scantlings’ design to control the buckling capacity of longitudinal stiffened panels subjected to the compressive loads induced by the hull girder vertical bending. The following buckling collapse failure modes are explicitly considered in the design formulation: uniaxial buckling of the plating between stiffeners, column buckling of stiffeners with attached plating and lateral-torsional buckling or tripping of stiffeners.The paper presents the procedure used to assess the implicit safety levels of the strength requirements for the three buckling collapse failure modes above mentioned, which includes the optimization of the scantlings of the plate panels and longitudinal stiffeners in order to reflect the minimum strength required by the formulation. A first order reliability formulation is adopted, and stochastic models proposed in the literature are used to quantify the uncertainty in the relevant design variables. A sample of five oil tankers representative of the range of application of the IACS-CSR design rules is considered. The effect of corrosion in the implicit safety levels is quantified based on the three corrosion levels of the Net Thickness Approach (NTA) adopted in the design rules. Sensitivity analyses are also performed to quantify the relative contribution or importance of each design random variable to the implicit safety levels.     

抗振板壳结构的仿生拓扑优化设计方法

以抗振结构设计为目标,将仿生设计技术应用于板壳结构加强部件的分布设计中,提出了一种简单高效的结构拓扑优化设计方法,以处理具有复杂边界条件的抗振板壳结构的拓扑优化设计.将结构加强部件分布的形成看成和植物根系的成长过程一样,加强部件从给定的"种子"出发,根据一定的成长规则生长、分歧或退化,在体积增量的控制下,形成最优的分布形态.设计结果可作为进一步详细设计的近似优化模型.对一些典型的抗振板壳结构进行了设计,结果表明所提出的方法克服了现有的结构拓扑优化技术的一些局限性,可简单有效地处理复杂结构的设计问题.     

新沂河险工险段成因和治理措施

作为控制洪水建筑物,堤防因所处环境恶劣,极易产生险工、险段.针对新沂河堤防的险工、险段问题,收集了相关的地质、水文资料.结合现场调查,系统分析新沂河险工成因,提出了不同险工的治理措施.结果表明:1)汛期水位骤升骤降是新沂河形成险工、险段的重要外因,堤基透水性较强、土质不均是形成险工险段的重要内因;2)按照险工成因,新沂...     

A numerical study of the effects of bottom and sidewall stiffeners on sloshing behavior considering roll resonant motion

In the present study, aiming to provide practical guidance for the structural design, the effects of the small bottom and sidewall stiffeners on sloshing loads in shallow and intermediate liquid conditions are investigated numerically. The interaction between the highly nonlinear free surface flow and a large number of small stiffeners is modeled based on the Moving Particle Semi-implicit method. 2D models of a rectangular clean tank and tanks with small sidewalls or bottom stiffeners are considered. For filling ratios ranging from 5% to 20%, harmonic angular motions with periods around the analytical sloshing resonant ones are applied. Simulation snapshots and computed pressure time series, pressure variation, wave run-up, maximum fluid velocity, and kinetic energy were provided to clarify the complex interaction between the small baffles and the shallow free surface flow. As a result, except for the tanks with bottom stiffeners in shallow liquid conditions, in which the response under actual resonant frequency should be considered, the response computed using the clean tank excited by its resonant period can be adopted as a conservative estimation for the sloshing loads of actual tanks with small stiffeners.     

集装箱船舱口角隅应力集中系数的有限元分析的精度

集装箱船舱口角隅的应力集中是船舶结构强度的一个重要问题。随着有限元技术的发展，目前舱口角隅的应力集中系数大都可以通过有限元计算直接获得。由于有限元分析过程中存在着大量不确定性，通过控制其有限元分析各个步骤的质量来保证有限元分析的精度，已经成为一个重要的研究方向。本文利用现有有限元分析软件（ABAQUS），通过对不同模型简化方法的讨论，给出了正确计算舱口角隅结构应力集中系数的模型简化方法，并在此基础上讨论了网格尺度对应力集中系数的影响。     

阻尼处理多向加筋板的振动响应及声辐射

针对三种加强筋且横向加强筋为大小两种不同结构的典型加筋船板,考虑船板的弯曲振动,并计及船板内侧敷设粘弹性阻尼材料的阻尼处理和船板外侧重流体作用力,借助无限大板理论和经典波动法,建立了解析数学模型,导出了加筋船板在宽频单位力作用下的振动响应和远场水声辐射计算方法.通过典型实例的数值计算,讨论了小筋、阻尼等主要设计参数对辐射效果的影响.本文的研究成果对水声学工程设计有一定的指导价值.     

基于ALE算法的无转角和有转角铝制加筋板楔形体水弹性砰击的数值模拟研究

文章采用基于任意拉格朗日—欧拉(ALE)算法的显式有限元技术研究水弹性砰击现象,针对已开展的铝制加筋板楔形体结构入水砰击模型实验,开展了数值模拟比较工作。该楔形体底部斜升角为20度,底部两侧是包含三根纵骨和两根横梁的加筋板结构,两侧结构刚度不同。预报了模型无转角和有转角典型工况的砰击入水过程,得到的入水加速度、底部加筋板结构纵骨应力和横梁响应与模型实验结果吻合较好。研究表明该ALE算法具备模拟船舶局部结构的水弹性砰击流固耦合问题的能力。     

Investigation into non-linear bending of elastic bars with application to design of bend stiffeners

The objective of this paper is to examine non-linear bending of a flexible elastic bar near fixed termination and to develop analytical solutions that can be used in the design of bend stiffeners. The non-linear bending of prismatic bars of finite and se-infinite lengths is solved analytically, and results are employed to re-visit the problem of the “ideal” bend stiffener, which provides a constant curvature over its entire length. A complete solution is derived for all properties of the ideal bend stiffener, which is not limited by any assumptions on the system geometry and provides an improvement over known formulations. Other features of the non-linear bending of elastic bars are examined and examples are given to demonstrate application of the present theory to sizing bend stiffeners for flexible risers.     

Investigation on structural performance predictions of double-bottom tankers during shoal grounding accidents

An investigation is carried out in this paper for the predictions of structural performance of double-bottom tankers during ship grounding over the “shoal” type seabed obstacles. Hong and Amdahl developed a simplified analytical model for the unstiffened double bottom. This method is carefully studied, verified and then used as the first stage of our prediction. The second stage is concerned with stiffeners since stiffeners are indispensable components for double-bottom tankers. A prevailing way to handle is to smear stiffeners onto their attached plating known as the smeared thickness method. However, the effective ratio in this method is dubious in such shoal grounding accidents. Proper values of this parameter are determined in stage two, and then together with the method in stage one, constitute a reliable and efficient tool for structural performance predictions of double-bottom structures in shoal grounding accidents.A double-bottom tanker is chosen as object for the case study. Finite element models of the hold both stiffened and unstiffened are created for numerical simulations using the LS_DYNA software. Simulation cases cover a wide range of slope angles of the indenter and indentations. Numerical results show that Hong and Amdahl's model in stage one is capable of predicting energy dissipation with high precision but poor accuracy for grounding resistances, and a possible reason may be the neglect of vertical resistance. The updated smeared method proposed in stage two is also proved to be capable of grasping major characteristics of stiffeners. Results and conclusions drawn from this paper can be conveniently applied for assessments of the performance of ship double-bottom structures during shoal sliding grounding scenarios, and will benefit the application of accidental limit state design concept in the ship design stage.     

纵向受压骨材侧倾计算分析

根据不同计算方法对骨材侧倾的屈曲应力计算结果的比较分析与讨论,基于Bleich公式,得出实际可行的计算公式。通过与有限元计算的比较,表明文中计算公式形式简单、实际设计与计算时应用方便,与有限元计算的结果比较吻合,可以用于实际骨材的侧倾屈曲应力计算。     

不同扶强材形式的纵骨贯穿舱壁结构疲劳试验

为了研究矩形扶强材和削斜扶强材结构形式的某铝合金船体纵骨贯穿舱壁结构疲劳性能，对此进行了试验研究。首先建立舱段结构的有限元模型（该目标船纵骨采用6082铝合金，其他部分采用5083铝合金材料），确定载荷工况并计算分析两种扶强材结构在相应载荷水平下的应力分布状态。在此基础上，设计并开展了实际板厚四点弯曲疲劳模型试验，获得了试验模型在不同载荷水平下的疲劳失效循环次数，并且根据试验测得数据得到了两种扶强结构形式的S-N曲线。试验结果表明矩形扶强材形式的纵骨贯穿舱壁结构疲劳性能优于削斜扶强材形式，该结论可为舰船上纵骨贯穿舱壁结构处节点形式的设计以及5083与6082铝合金焊接结构形式（T型焊接和趾端焊接）的疲劳强度评估提供依据。     

Plastic mechanism analysis of structural performances for stiffeners on bottom longitudinal web girders during a shoal grounding accident

A theoretical model is introduced in this paper for structural performance of stiffeners on double-bottom longitudinal girders in a shoal grounding accident. Major emphasis is placed on establishing the characteristic deformation mechanism of stiffeners and identifying major energy dissipation patterns. Numerical simulations using the LS-DYNA nonlinear finite-element program were carried out to examine thoroughly the progressive deformation process during sliding deformation. Stiffener deformations were observed to fall into two categories: stiffeners fully contacted with the indenter, and stiffeners subjected to indirect deformation due to energy transfer from attached girders. Grounding performance of stiffeners is substantially influenced by that of the attached plating, and therefore a review of the existing deformation models of longitudinal girders (i.e. Simonsen 1997, Midtun 2006 and Hong 2008) was included. Hong's model of bottom girders was found not capable of representing the effects of stiffeners, and a new model of girders was thus developed. Based on observation of the numerical deformation process and the new analytical girder model, a kinematically admissible model of stiffeners on bottom longitudinal girders was built. Using the methods of plastic mechanism analysis, simplified analytical expressions for energy dissipation by girder-attached stiffeners, both fully contacted and noncontacted, were formulated, and equations for grounding resistance were subsequently obtained. The theoretical expressions agree favorably with results from nonlinear finite-element simulations and capture two significant characteristics of the problem: that energy varies little with indentation for stiffeners that fully contacting the indenter, and that energy is independent of slope angle for indirectly deformed stiffeners. The proposed theoretical model helps to predict analytically shoal grounding performance of stiffeners on longitudinal girders with reasonable accuracy.     

激光断面仪在隧道断面检测中的应用

介绍了隧道激光断面仪检测的基本原理和使用方法,以内蒙古隆盛隧道为工程背景,使用激光断面仪对初期支护断面轮廓和二衬断面进行了检测,对检测结果进行了总结,分析检测出的断面轮廓数据所出现的偏差。     

复合材料纵横加筋圆柱壳自由振动分析

使用能量法分析了两端简支复合材料纵横加筋圆柱壳的自由振动特性,从Love's理论出发,分别计算壳体面板和纵横加筋结构的应变能和动能,然后代入Lagrange方程得到频率方程.通过比较,文中的计算方法所得到的结果与文献比较吻合.采用平均法计算的结果比采用离散方法计算的结果偏小.最后还研究了壳体和加筋结构参数以及静水压力的变化对圆柱壳自由振动频率的影响.文中利用平均法来处理加筋结构,简化理论推导并减少了计算.     

高墩大跨连续刚构桥墩顶截面形式研究

高墩大跨连续刚构桥墩项的截面形式既有空心截面,也有实心截面。通过对比研究,分析了某高墩大跨连续刚构桥墩顶分别采用空心、实心截面后墩顶部位的受力特点。结果表明,在满足设计规范的前题下,选择实心截面有利于满足主梁施工搭设托架,方便施工。     

Multi-objective topology and size optimization of high-speed vehicle-passenger catamaran structure by genetic algorithm

Ship structural design has become recently an ever more important and difficult task, because it should always take into account several estimation criteria which are a crucial element of shipyard management, as the hull structural strength is one of the most important factors of overall ship safety, and the total cost of structural materials used for the construction of a ship is a significant part of her total construction cost. Simultaneously, a complete definition of the optimal structural design requires a formulation of size-topology-shape-material optimization task unifying the optimization problems from these four areas and giving an effective solution of this problem. So far, a significant progress towards a solution of this problem has not been achieved. An objective of the underlying paper was to develop an evolutionary algorithm for multi-objective optimization of both topology and scantlings of structural elements of large spatial sections of ships. In the paper an evolutionary algorithm where selection takes place based on the scalar objective function is proposed and applied to solve the problem of structural elements weight and cleaned and painted surface area on a high-speed vehicle-passenger catamaran structure with several design variables, such as plate thickness, scantlings of longitudinal stiffeners and transverse frames, and spacing between longitudinal and transversal members. The results of numerical experiments with the use of the developed algorithm are presented. They show that the proposed genetic algorithm can be an efficient multi-objective optimization tool for simultaneous design of the topology and sizing of ship structures.