The Impacts of Recreational Four-Wheel Driving on the Abundance of the Ghost Crab (Ocypode cordimanus) on a Subtropical Sandy Beach in SE Queensland

There is increasing concern regarding the impacts of recreational four-wheel driving (4WDing) on sandy beach environments. The ghost crab Ocypode cordimanus is a widely distributed Australian species that utilizes beaches and dunes for constructing burrows and for foraging. Comparisons of ghost crab abundances (using burrow counts) in areas “open” and “closed” to recreational 4WDing were conducted on exposed sandy beaches on North Stradbroke Island, off the coast of southeast Queensland. Beaches where recreational 4WD activity is present had significantly lower ghost crab abundances than beaches where it is absent. The most plausible reason for this difference in abundance is that ghost crabs are highly vulnerable to being crushed by beach traffic when feeding on the beach at night. To mitigate the impacts of recreational 4WDing on ghost crab population management intervention is needed. Possible changes to the management of recreational 4WD activity include the setting aside of areas free of recreational 4WD activity for the conservation of biodiversity, or a prohibition on driving on the beaches between dusk and dawn. There is also a need for a consistent and transparent approach in Queensland for quantifying and monitoring 4WD activity in sandy beach environments.     

泥沙模型的粒径相似比尺问题

运用相似理论对泥沙模型的粒径比尺进行了分析,提出了推移质、悬移质和全沙模型泥沙粒径相似条件;给出了包括细沙在内的泥沙起动粒径比尺的统一计算式和适用不同流区的悬沙粒径比尺的统一计算式;指出模型砂的起动流速不等于模型的起动流速,需进行比尺效应修正。     

南汇嘴潮滩沉积物粒度特征研究

文中以实测底质采样资料为基础,对南汇嘴沉积物粒度特征进行了分析,并利用Gao&Collins沉积物趋势分析法探讨边滩的沉积物输运趋势。总体上看,样品粒级变化不大,主要以粘土质粉砂、粉砂为主。没冒沙区域由于受到特殊地形以及水流的影响,沉积物以细砂为主;南汇东滩在横向分布上,沉积物粒径逐渐变粗再逐渐变细;南滩受风浪影响,近岸浅滩沉积物颗粒组成较粗,而远岸区域海床颗粒较细。沉积物中值粒径、分选系数和偏度的分布具有一致性,三者相关性较强;浅滩的沉积物粒度特征表现为正偏,分选性较差,分选系数值集中在2左右;南汇嘴区域沉积物运移方向主要是从口外向西输移,汇聚在南汇嘴附近;杭州湾北岸沉积物主要是向东输运,达到芦潮港西侧水域后逐渐转为向南或向南偏东离岸方向运动,对芦潮港附近水下岸坡的冲刷后退起到了一定的影响。     

Human Impacts on Cable Beach,Broome (Western Australia)

There are concerns that Cable Beach, which is of outstanding natural beauty and a major tourist attraction for Broome and the Kimberley region of northwest Australia, is suffering damage from recreational use, particularly that caused by off-road vehicles. To assess current levels of human impact on the shore and its fauna, the southern-most kilometer of the Beach, covering an area to which vehicles had access and an adjacent area closed to vehicles, was surveyed for human usage and shore crab abundance. Human usage over the recording period was high in the area with high vehicular access. The amount of litter, although considerable, was well below that recorded in some other tourist destinations elsewhere in the world. Burrows of both the ghost crabs Ocypode spp, and the sand bubbler, Scopimera inflata, were less numerous in areas of high vehicle use than those of low use. Both species may be valuable in monitoring human impacts on Cable Beach.     

泥沙粒度对航道回淤的指示——以丹东港出海航道为例

根据鸭绿江河口西水道水流、悬浮泥沙和底质粒度特征的分析,研究丹东港出海航道泥沙淤积的动力机制以及泥沙粒度对回淤的指示作用。分析表明,海域来沙为西水道的主要泥沙来源,泥沙运动以“波浪掀沙、潮流输沙”为主要特征;悬沙和底质粒度对比表明,上航道和中航道段航道回淤以悬沙落淤为主,下航道和外航道段航道回淤以底沙推移为主。航道回淤泥沙作为泥沙运动的“指示剂”,能够较好地揭示航道回淤的机理;采用刘家驹悬沙淤积模式和罗肇森底沙输移模式相结合的方法,估算丹东港大东港区20万吨级航道回淤量为679万m,,与物理模型试验结果较为接近,上述分析方法和公式可适用于砂质海岸航道回淤计算,也为类似航道回淤研究提供了重要的参考和借鉴。     

福建兴化湾近岸地貌特征与泥沙来源分析

在现场地貌调查及沉积物取样分析的基础上,对兴化湾的自然条件、沉积特征、泥沙来源及运移趋势进行了分析。判明石城岛以西水下沉积物以粘土质粉砂分布为主,泥沙粒径在0.01 mm左右,为河流下泄泥沙沉积为主。石城岛以东局部区域沉积物质为极粗砂,为近岸山体及浅滩冲蚀物质沉积为主。兴化湾的泥沙主要为河流输沙,其次是周边沿岸冲蚀入海物质及岬角岛礁受风浪侵蚀泥沙。由于湾外涨、落潮流路的稳定和潮流动力的强劲,湾内水深地形与潮流动力有很好的对应性和稳定性,泥沙运动仅限于湾内泥沙的再搬运。     

长江口南汇边滩短期冲淤变化分析

南汇边滩位于长江口和杭州湾的交汇地带,受长江口和杭州湾北岸两股潮流的控制,近年来由于低潮滩促淤围垦工程导致其水流和泥沙运移、沉积和地貌发生了显著的变化。根据2006—2008年南汇边滩测图及2007年11月—2008年11月每个季度的9个断面测量资料,结合区域内的泥沙沉积特征,探讨南汇边滩对周边涉水围垦工程和流域来水来沙变异做出适应性地貌耦合过程之后的近期冲淤演变规律,着重探讨季节性冲淤特征。结果表明:年度上南汇东滩以淤长为主,南汇南滩以冲刷为主。不同季节南汇边滩冲淤变化过程存在很大差异:平面上,南汇边滩等深线夏、冬季以淤进为主,春、秋季以蚀退为主;垂向上,南汇东滩断面呈春夏秋冲淤交替、冬季淤积的态势,南汇嘴断面呈秋季冲刷、冬夏季淤积的态势,而位于南汇南滩的断面则呈秋冬季冲刷、春夏季淤积态势。南汇东滩沉积物粒径总体上较细,东滩与南滩交汇处的南汇嘴附近中值粒径相对较粗,南汇南滩浅滩沉积物颗粒中值粒径最粗。     

恒定流中非均匀沙推移质不平衡输沙研究

冲积河流的平衡状态指的是在足够长的时间内(以月计)进入某一河段的泥沙等于从该河段输出的泥沙。恒定流中,由于泥沙输移率随时间及空间变化,因此,泥沙的输移总是不平衡的。我们选用粒径为0.05～20.00mm的煤屑及天然沙。在长30m、宽0.5m的变坡水槽内进行了清水冲刷(恒定流)推移质不平衡输沙试验;建立了恒定流中非均匀沙推移质不平衡输沙方程;在修正Gessler,J.冲蚀物级配基础上,提出了推移质级配的计算公式;河床质级配方程采用CARICHAR混合层模塑;并将推移质输沙、级配方程及河床质级配方程应用于河床粗化数学模型,得到计算与水槽实测相一致的结果。     

疏浚泥水混合物电导率特性初探

为论证电导率测试法用于测定疏浚泥浆浓度的可行性,探讨疏浚泥浆电导率与泥浆浓度间的关系及影响因素,选取国内较有代表性的淤泥质土、粉土、粉砂以及细砂等疏浚泥样,配置成不同浓度的混合物,测试了配置混合物的电导率以及温度和盐度对混合物电导率的影响.试验结果表明:混合物中水的盐度、泥沙体积浓度、混合物温度等参数与混合物电导率存在明显的相关关系;泥沙粒径级配对混合物电导率也有一定影响.因此,通过电导率测试法用于测定疏浚泥浆浓度是可行的,但须注意对混合物温度和盐度的影响进行补偿或相关处理.     

粘土含量对粉沙质泥沙沉降速度的影响

通过对泥沙沉降试验结果进行统计整理和理论分析,研究了粘土含量对粉沙质泥沙沉降速度的影响。结果表明:泥沙沉降速度同时受泥沙中值粒径d50和粘土含量p0.004控制;沉降速度ω随泥沙中值粒径d50增大而增大;粘土含量较小时,沉速随p0.004增大而减小,粘土含量较大时,沉速随粘土含量增大而增大;粘土含量对泥沙沉速影响的分界点为20%~25%。     

Assessment of Vulnerability and Integrated Management of Coastal Dunes in Veracruz,Mexico

Dune systems are essential to the ecological balance and sediment inputs of coastal environments and they provide numerous environmental services; however, their existence is threatened by natural and human stressors that contribute to their degradation. Future impacts are expected to be greater because of global climate change in association with further rises in sea level. Beaches and dune systems occupy large areas along the coastline of the state of Veracruz on the Gulf of Mexico. The aim of this study is to establish the intrinsic vulnerability of nine dune fields in Veracruz to current and future impacts and to assess their integrated management status. These dune–beach systems are more vulnerable to the effects of economic activities and land use change than to those induced by natural forces. Results show that six of these dune systems have medium vulnerability and an ecological conservation policy should be adopted; the other three, with high or very high vulnerability, are candidates for a restoration policy.     

广东雷州电厂近岸沉积特征及泥沙运动

通过对广东雷州电厂海岸动力地貌进行调查,分析研究了厂址及周边海岸冲刷、堆积或平衡等不同地貌形态特征、岸线冲蚀形态、泥沙运动及海岸演变对电厂取排水深的影响。分析结果表明,水下沉积物以粉砂质粘土和粘土质粉砂分布为主,样品的平均中值粒径为0.0102mm,南部区域略粗于北中区域,从沉积物分布特点和趋势看,近岸与河口区物质偏粗,主要受近岸及河流的影响;而距岸不远的沉积泥沙中值粒径均在0.004mm左右,则明显受海向沉积泥沙的影响。由于工程区处于岬角且泥沙来源数量少,受波浪潮流共同作用,电厂工程区水域海床及岸线多年处于冲淤平衡的基本稳定状态。     

法国日安东连岛沙洲沿岸海滩剖面经验平衡（英文）

Beaches along the eastern branch of the Giens double tombolo are subject to coastal erosion. Prediction of the behavior of the beach profile configuration in response to natural and anthropogenic changes using the concept of equilibrium beach profile(EBP) could be useful in finding the most suitable measure to address the erosion problem. Field investigation data of 11 beaches along the eastern tombolo were supplied for this study, and a nonlinear fitting technique was applied to estimate the best parameter values of seven empirical formulations of the relevant EBP. All of the observed beach profiles could be described by a single function, but a single EBP was inadequate to represent all of the beach profiles observed. The variation found could be explained in terms of longshore variation of bathymetry, sediment size, and wave parameters. Analysis of the validity of the EBPs revealed that a representative EBP of each beach is governed by different equilibrium parameters.     

Empirical Equilibrium Beach Profiles Along the Eastern Tombolo of Giens

Beaches along the eastern branch of the Giens double tombolo are subject to coastal erosion. Prediction of the behavior of the beach profile configuration in response to natural and anthropogenic changes using the concept of equilibrium beach profile (EBP) could be useful in finding the most suitable measure to address the erosion problem. Field investigation data of 11 beaches along the eastern tombolo were supplied for this study, and a nonlinear fitting technique was applied to estimate the best parameter values of seven empirical formulations of the relevant EBP. All of the observed beach profiles could be described by a single function, but a single EBP was inadequate to represent all of the beach profiles observed. The variation found could be explained in terms of longshore variation of bathymetry, sediment size, and wave parameters. Analysis of the validity of the EBPs revealed that a representative EBP of each beach is governed by different equilibrium parameters.     

潮动力影响下辐射沙脊群的研究进展*

从形态、形成时间、生成机制、粒径分布和物质来源、沙洲演变和水道稳定性等方面简述潮动力影响下辐射沙脊群的研究进展。上千年前因泥沙进入辐射状潮流场而形成了体积庞大、呈辐射状分布的沙脊群。在复杂的潮动力作用下,辐射沙脊群呈现外部冲刷、中心淤积,各潮汐汊道趋于稳定的演化特点。提出今后可以将地质研究和水动力研究相结合,在潮流场模拟中加入泥沙模块,运用长周期数值模拟技术重现辐射沙脊群形成和演变的全过程,以弥补现有研究的诸多不足。     

港口岸线环境补偿人工沙滩工程理论与实践

依托港口岸线建设环境补偿人工沙滩工程是践行国家生态文明建设战略,实现港、城一体化发展的有益举措。针对人工沙滩建设中的理论和关键技术问题,通过自主研发,取得以下主要创新性成果:1)发展了沙、泥并存下沙滩动力地貌学基础理论;2)形成先进的数值、物理模拟技术;3)提出适用于各种复杂泥沙环境下的人工沙滩设计原则;4)研发了人工沙滩防侵蚀、防泥化的整治与养护措施。研究成果已成功应用于不同复杂泥沙环境下的实际沙滩工程中,实现了良好的经济、社会和生态环境效益,具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

仿生水草垫在航道整治护滩工程中的应用

针对三峡水库蓄水后,来沙量大幅减少的实际情况,在长江中游荆江窑监河段新河口边滩护滩工程缓流区,开展了仿柔性植被水草垫促淤结构现场试验,取得了较好的工程效果。对水草垫促淤结构的设计思路、构件设计、促淤机理和施工工艺进行阐述,并对工程效果进行分析。该结构丰富了航道整治工程促淤结构形式。     

潍坊港中港区3.5万t级航道和防波挡沙堤的延伸方案

潍坊港地处莱州湾底部的粉砂质海岸,岸滩宽浅、泥沙运动活跃,在极端恶劣天气条件下,岸滩泥沙会大量悬浮,容易在航道内形成骤淤。中港区3．5万t级航道不仅需在现有1．0万t级航道基础上加宽、浚深和延长,其向外海延伸的航段已超出现有防波挡沙堤的掩护范围,防波挡沙堤需相应延伸以缓解大风天的航道泥沙骤淤,同时要辅以疏浚维护才能保持航道足够的通航水深。     

通州沙西水道整治对12.5m深水航道影响研究及对策分析

为分析通州沙西水道整治工程对长江南京以下12.5 m深水航道整治一期工程的影响,通过物理模型试验进行深入研究。研究表明,西水道整治工程实施后,西水道开挖至-8 m或不开挖,东水道分流比增加,对深水航道影响较小,但会造成深水航道左侧通州沙滩地窜沟的冲刷;随着开挖深度增加,其对深水航道影响逐渐增加,开挖至-12 m、-14.7 m时,航道沿程会出现一定淤积,营船港下航道浅区有淤积的趋势,不利于航道维护,但通州沙滩地窜沟略有淤积。建议:通州沙西水道整治时,西水道疏浚深度不宜过深;尽快实施通州沙潜堤下延工程。     

我国水运工程科学研究的现状

经过近年来的快速发展,我国的水运工程科学研究已经达到了较高的水平,但距离工程实际的需求还有很大差距,与国外同行业相比有很多不足。文章总结了淤泥质海岸泥沙运动规律,粉沙质海岸泥沙运动规律,海岸动力及沙质海岸泥沙运动规律,山区河流航道整治技术,平原河流航道整治技术,通航枢纽建设关键技术,水工构造物检测、评估与加固技术,环境保护技术,淤泥质海岸港口适航水深应用技术和水动力数值模拟软件包TK-2D等10个方面的研究现状。总结了现场调查和有关资料分析,理论分析研究,物理模型试验研究和数值模拟研究等4种研究手段的发展现状。目的是促进核心技术的形成,提高为重大工程服务的能力和水平,增强国际竞争力。