Comparison of Beach Nourishment along the U.S. Atlantic,Great Lakes,Gulf of Mexico,and New England Shorelines

The U.S. national beach nourishment experience is summarized for the East Coast barrier islands, the Gulf of Mexico, New England, and the Great Lakes. A total of 1,305 nourishment episodes on 382 beaches are recorded at a total estimated cost of approximately $1.4 billion ($2.5 billion in 1996 dollars). In terms of both volume and costs, nourishment has been the most extensive by far on the East Coast barrier islands. Depending on the region, between 65% and 85% of all nourishment projects have a federal funding component. Annual expenditures and sand volumes for beach nourishment are increasing, especially on East Coast barriers. At present, total annual national beach nourishment costs (excluding the Pacific Coast) are on the order of $100 million per year. The cost per cubic yard of nourishment sand as expressed in 1996 dollars has remained more or less constant over time. Additionally, the volumes of sand needed for subsequent nourishment episodes on individual beaches do not decrease, despite contrary assumptions in the shoreface-profile-ofequilibrium concept that subsequent nourishment volumes should diminish. In light of the historical experience of beach nourishment identified in this study, individual state and local coastal communities should reevaluate their plans for future beach nourishment programs. The complete listing of all the data on nourished beaches from this survey is available at www.geo.duke.edu/Research/psds/psds.htm     

Visitor Preferences for Public Beach Amenities and Beach Restoration in South Florida

Coastal erosion threatens many sandy beaches and the ecological, economic, social and cultural amenities they provide. The problem is especially chronic in South Florida. A frequent solution for beach restoration involves sand replacement, or nourishment, but is temporary, expensive, and has usually been funded by governmental sources. However, as such agencies reduce their share and require more local funding, beach nourishment must rely on other funding sources, including beach recreationists. Our study characterized three South Florida beaches and probed visitor willingness-to-pay for beach nourishment. We found that even beaches within close proximity attract different user types. Users are amenable to higher fees if they lead to greater resource protection.     

Financing Beach Improvements: Comparing Two Approaches on the Georgia Coast

Fifty-five percent of Georgia's developed coastline has been armored with various types of erosion protection devices. This article is about beach improvement projects at Jekyll Island that would operate under (a) a nourishment policy or (b) a retreat policy. Benefits are calculated from an intensive, on-site survey of beach visitors and the costs are calculated from observable sources. Two financing methods are considered: general revenue and user fee financing. The analyses imply recommending beach improvement as an effective policy within the considered time frame.     

Synergies between Adjacent Beach-Nourishing Communities in a Morpho-Economic Coupled Coastline Model

Beach “nourishment” consists of placing sand on an eroding beach. The widened beach provides increased storm protection to adjacent structures and improved recreational benefits, but is most often transient, requiring on-going, repeated nourishment episodes. Numerical models of beach nourishment typically address such questions as how long a widened beach will last; economic models compare the benefits and costs of preserving a stretch of beach without regard to its geomorphic evolution. Neither have addressed the physical nor economic interactions between adjacent nourishing communities. Here, we couple a numerical model of coastline evolution and a cost-benefit model of beach nourishment, allowing adjacent communities to make dynamic nourishment decisions. Beach nourishment benefits adjacent communities both “updrift” and “downdrift.” The total amount of money spent on nourishment activities can decrease by as much as 25% when adjacent communities both conduct on-going nourishment projects, as opposed to the case where each community nourishes in isolation.     

Measuring the Cost of Beach Retreat

We estimate the cost over the next 50 years of allowing Delaware's ocean beaches to retreat inland. Since most of the costs are expected to be land and capital loss, especially in housing, we focus our attention on measuring that value. We use a hedonic price regression to estimate the value of land and structures in the region using a data set on recent housing sales. Then, using historical rates of erosion along the coast and an inventory of all housing and commercial structures in the threatened coastal area, we predict the value of the land and capital loss assuming that beaches migrate inland at these historic rates. We purge the losses of any amenity values due to proximity to the coast, because these are merely transferred to properties further inland. If erosion rates remain at historic levels, our estimate of the cost of retreat over the next 50 years in present value terms is about $291 million (2000$). The number rises if we assume higher rates of erosion. We compare these estimates to the current costs of nourishing beaches and conclude that nourishment make economic sense, at least over this time period.     

川江航道治理疏浚土有益利用实践与探索

疏浚是川江航道治理最重要的措施之一。长期以来,川江航道治理产生的疏浚土未进行有益利用,简单粗放的疏浚土处理方式不仅造成泥土资源的浪费,还对生态环境造成二次污染。在分析川江航道疏浚土来源及特点的基础上,结合工程实际,探索疏浚土改善环境和工程利用的2种途径,提出表层砂卵石疏浚土上岸作为建筑材料、底层砂卵石及块石疏浚土构建生态涵养区的利用方案,获得良好的投资效益和生态效果,可为类似航道治理工程疏浚土利用及内河生态航道建设提供借鉴。     

固化土充泥袋技术在滩涂开发工程中的应用

工程实践表明,固化土冲泥袋在滩涂开发围海造陆工程中是一项值得推广的新技术。它具有施工成本低、效率高、质量易于控制的优点,同时具有在其它工程中进一步开发的空间。     

长江口深水航道疏浚土“十三五”造地利用研究Ⅱ——疏浚吹填工艺和方案

在分析评价长江口不同疏浚吹填工艺的特点及适用性的基础上,结合疏浚土资源供需关系和圈围工程现状条件,提出"十三五"期长江口深水航道疏浚土造地利用的初步技术方案。结果表明:1)长江口航道常用的"挖运抛+挖吹"和"挖运吹"工艺仅适用于较短运距的疏浚吹填工程;新研制的"耙吸装驳"工艺能适用于长运距的疏浚吹填工程,"十三五"投入应用后可显著拓展深水航道疏浚土的利用空间。2)"十三五"期间,横沙东滩七、八期圈围工程可利用深水航道北槽段疏浚土,采用"挖运抛+挖吹"和"耙吸装驳"的"挖+运+吹"工艺实施疏浚吹填;南汇东滩圈围工程N1库区可部分使用深水航道疏浚土,采用"耙吸装驳"工艺实施吹填;其他零星建设用地圈围工程可使用深水航道南港圆圆沙段疏浚土,采用"挖运吹"工艺吹泥上滩。     

Classification of Beach Erosion Vulnerability on the Yucatan Coast

Beach erosion can have important socioeconomic and environmental consequences, particularly in tropical regions where tourism is a significant source of income. Although caused by natural processes, erosion is often aggravated by disorderly anthropogenic modification of the coast and extreme events. In Yucatan, Mexico, increasing urban development and deficient coastal management strategies as well as hurricanes have affected beach stability. This has highlighted the need for adequate coastal planning and policies that ensure the protection of key coastal ecosystems, such as beaches and sand dunes. To address this, a methodology to classify the coast according to its vulnerability is presented in this work. This methodology assumes that morphological features are indicators of beach evolution and the processes driving it and that these can be associated with different levels of vulnerability. The features considered are beach width, dune vegetation, anthropogenic pressure, and shoreline orientation, which were analyzed through aerial images and a multicriteria evaluation. It was observed that the most vulnerable areas are found near the most developed parts of the coast, where narrow beaches with little dune vegetation dominate. It is expected that this index will be of use to coastal planners and decision makers, particularly in the identification of critical zones.     

Modeling Potential Impacts of Beach Replenishment on Horseshoe Crab Nesting Habitat Suitability

Beach replenishment has been proposed to increase nesting habitat for horseshoe crabs, but its environmental consequences may compromise the egg development and viability of this declining species. Horseshoe crab habitat requirements were used to build a habitat suitability model in STELLA to predict the potential impacts of beach replenishment on horseshoe crab eggs. A habitat suitability index (H.S.I.) comprised of six variables (dissolved oxygen, sediment grain size, sand temperature, sand moisture, wave energy, and salinity) was developed and compared between replenished and natural beaches. Sediment grain size and dissolved oxygen were higher in the natural beach, whereas sand temperature and moisture were higher in the replenished beach, resulting in significantly higher suitability of the natural beach (p = 5.39 × 10^?15, df = 30). The model was most sensitive to air temperature, rainfall, tide, and sediment grain size. This model is useful for understanding the processes affecting horseshoe crabs and predicting impacts of coastal management activities on habitat suitability. Based on the results of this model, beach replenishment is not recommended for increasing or improving horseshoe crab habitat, unless care is taken to match fill sediment to natural grain size and color.     

潍坊港中港区3.5万t级航道和防波挡沙堤的延伸方案

潍坊港地处莱州湾底部的粉砂质海岸,岸滩宽浅、泥沙运动活跃,在极端恶劣天气条件下,岸滩泥沙会大量悬浮,容易在航道内形成骤淤。中港区3．5万t级航道不仅需在现有1．0万t级航道基础上加宽、浚深和延长,其向外海延伸的航段已超出现有防波挡沙堤的掩护范围,防波挡沙堤需相应延伸以缓解大风天的航道泥沙骤淤,同时要辅以疏浚维护才能保持航道足够的通航水深。     

An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Beach Management in the Catalan Coast (North-Western Mediterranean)

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of beach management in the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) by introducing and integrating results from different partial projects. They analyzed the legal, political, and administrative framework of beach management, the quality tools available, the practices of management, the processes of beach use, and beach waste/litter dynamics. The information obtained served to create a new beach management tool referred to as the Beach Quality Index, which was developed by an interdisciplinary team of academics from the natural/physical sciences and social sciences that worked together during the course of four years. Information obtained from users and key stakeholders served to create the index. The study demonstrated that as a consequence of the shortcomings in the legal and administrative system as well as inadequate practices of beach managers, beach management in the area experiences coordination problems, insufficient information and lack of proactive management, pollution, and in general problems associated with the satisfaction of short-term user demands.     

Assessing the Utility of Beach Ecolabels for Use by Local Management

Ecolabels for beaches have been around since 1985 and have grown rapidly over the past decade. However, effects from ecolabels on beach ecology and local coastal cultures are unknown. This study reviews the literature on tourism ecolabels and environmental certification for beaches, analyzes the criteria of the most prominent beach ecolabel, and identifies considerations and proposes recommendations for local management that address sandy beach ecology and local cultures. The Blue Flag ecolabel is evaluated for how well the program criteria balance tourism, the processes of sandy beach ecology, and accommodate for local cultural values. This Blue Flag's criteria leave out protecting sandy beach ecology and fail to incorporate local community values in program design. The results of the study include three areas that beach managers need to consider for better understanding the utility of beach ecolabel programs: opportunity costs of participation and consequences of losing certification; evaluate investment in multiple certifications; and identify potential changes from the implementation of ecolabels.     

长江口深水航道疏浚土“十三五”造地利用研究I——疏浚土资源供需分析*

通过调查分析长江口深水航道疏浚土资源量和上海市滩涂造地需砂量,掌握疏浚土资源的供需关系。结果表明：1）深水航道疏浚土是可用于吹填造地的清洁泥沙资源；2） “十三五”期,深水航道疏浚土总产量约3.15亿m3,不能完全满足上海市吹填造地约4亿m3的疏浚土实际需求量；3）深水航道北槽段的疏浚土可满足横沙东滩圈围工程需要,土质较好的南港圆圆沙段航道疏浚土可供应至长兴岛、浦东机场的建设用地圈围工程,尚有富余的深水航道疏浚土可作为南汇东滩圈围工程的补充砂源。     

北戴河海滩养护方案实验研究

对北戴河海滩人工养滩工程的可行性进行研究,通过物理模型实验对所设计的4个岸滩防护方案进行对比研究,给出了各方案稳定的岸滩剖面形态、侵蚀岸线和平衡恢复岸线.通过对这些实验结果的分析,论述了A、B、D方案在各种波况下海滩稳定性和恢复能力,探讨不同方案的护滩效果,并最终确定D方案为最优方案.     

The Economics of Using Ocean Observing Systems to Improve Beach Closure Policy

Beach closure policies in the United States suffers from two shortcomings. Type I errors, in which clean beaches are closed, results when managers resort to extensive beach closures because they are unsure of the spatial extent of water contamination. Type II errors, in which contaminated beaches remain open, occur because the time from sampling to public notification can be between two and nine days. Coastal Ocean Observing Systems (COOS) could reduce the impact of both Type I and II errors. The COOS could reduce the spatial extent of beach closures by better predicting the fate of contaminants in coastal waters. An improved COOS also could reduce the time from sampling to public notification of contamination events. I estimate the lost recreational value associated with Type I errors (unnecessary closures) and the public health costs associated with Type II errors (unnecessary exposure to waterborne illnesses) for beaches in Southern California.     

Development of Beach Analysis Tools for Caribbean Small Islands

Beach erosion presents a hazard to coastal tourism facilities, which provide the main economic thrust for most Caribbean small islands (CSIs). Ad hoc approaches to addressing this problem have given way to the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) approach, which recommends data collection, analysis of coastal processes, and assessment of impacts. UNESCO's Coast and Beach Stability in the Caribbean (COSALC) project has provided most CSIs with an opportunity to monitor their beaches and collect over 10 years of data. Research has been directed at integrating these data with geographic information systems (GIS) and other information technologies to develop a prototype beach analysis and management system (BAMS) for CSIs. This article presents the results of phase I development of this effort, which includes the development of tools for integrating spatial and non-spatial coastal data, estimating long-term beach erosion/accretion and sand volume change trends at individual beaches, identifying erosion-sensitive beaches, and mapping beach erosion hazards. The Southeast Peninsula, St. Kitts, is used as a case study to develop these tools and demonstrate system functionality.     

吹填砂在水泥稳定碎石层中的应用

在曹妃甸矿石码头一期堆场工程的水泥稳定碎石层的级配设计中,依据嵌挤原则和密实骨架的特点,因地制宜,就地取材,使用堆场吹填砂作为混合料的填充料,经过室内专题试验和工程实际应用证明,吹填砂在水泥稳定碎石层中的应用方案可行,具有明显的经济效益。     

A Review of Beach Bye-Law Usage in Supporting Coastal Management in Ireland

Coastal areas are commonly the focus of a range of human activities and uses. Beaches are one example of multi-use coastal environments, accommodating activities linked to leisure and recreation, amenity, conservation and business, often simultaneously. Ireland is no different in this regard, as its beach resources provide a range of goods and services of societal value. Ireland has 16 coastal counties and their associated local authorities have a beach management remit, a role that can present a number of challenges. The use of beach bye-laws is one option to support management of beach environments by local authorities. Local authority personnel tasked with beach management from each coastal local authority were surveyed to assess the actual and potential role of beach bye-laws in contributing to more effective management of beach environments and to broader coastal management. Usage of beach bye-laws varied across local authority areas and evidence suggested that the efficacy, use, and implementation of beach bye-laws differed from county to county. Beach bye-laws offer potential but interaction with other initiatives as part of a wider program for coastal management may yield improved results.     

一种新型人工沙滩围护结构

为响应国家环保节能政策,创新性地提出了木排桩和螺钉桩组合的新型沙滩围护结构,并成功应用在威海某护岸整治工程中.该结构施工简便、效率高、投资小、生态环保、外观效果好,可广泛应用于沙滩围护、湿地、河道及湖区等自然景观类项目中,经济与社会效益良好,推广价值高.