非淹没丁坝局部冲刷深度计算的探讨

分析了非淹没条件下丁坝冲刷坑形成机理及主要影响因素，提出了丁坝上游挤压流动的物理图式和坝轴断面流速分布规律，由此建立了局部冲刷深度公式。     

强潮河口排桩式丁坝局部冲刷试验研究

通过对强涌潮作用下单排及双排桩式丁坝局部冲刷的试验研究及钱塘江河口直立式丁坝局部冲刷的调查分析 ,认为在以粉沙土为基础的强潮河口利用抛石护桩可大大地缩短板桩的长度及减小截面尺寸 ,从而达到减少投资和增强排桩式丁坝自身稳定性的目的。通过试验 ,得到了强潮河口排桩式单、双排桩丁坝在块石防护下不同部位的局部冲刷特征。此外 ,半圆形透水坝头可使坝头冲刷坑深度提高 0 5～ 1 0m。     

阶梯形丁坝局部冲刷特性数值模拟*

阶梯形丁坝局部冲刷特性研究对河道整治工程方案设计具有重要意义。应用平面二维水流泥沙数学模型,研究来流条件及丁坝尺度对阶梯形丁坝局部冲刷的影响。结果表明：在清水恒定流作用下,冲刷达到平衡所需历时主要受来流条件影响,而受丁坝几何尺度的影响相对较小;随着弗劳德数Fr的增大,冲刷坑面积A、最大冲深hs总体均呈线性增加,Fr≤0.565时平均冲深 随Fr增长较慢,Fr＞0.565时 随Fr增长相对较快;一级丁坝高度、二级丁坝长度对局部冲坑形态及冲深发展的影响具有一定的等效性;hs与 均随一级丁坝相对高度ψ的增加而增大,当ψ＞0.7时其增幅趋于平缓。     

孤立波作用下单排桩附近床面冲刷实验研究

为揭示海啸波冲击下桩式防波堤的桩基附近泥沙冲刷特性,文章通过物理模型实验研究了孤立波作用下单排桩柱结构附近床面的局部冲刷问题,测试了入射波高和水深对冲刷坑形态发展的影响。结果表明:床面冲刷主要发生在相邻柱体的间隙处;在冲刷过程的前期阶段,排桩不同间隙附近床面冲刷的演变存在一定的差异;到冲刷后期,各间隙床面三维形态上的差异逐渐消失;达到冲刷平衡后,在间隙附近形成显著的冲刷坑,冲刷坑的下游则出现淤积的沙坝;沿间隙中心线剖面上的最大冲刷深度出现在柱中心偏下游位置,最大淤积高度出现在柱中心下游的几倍圆柱直径范围内。冲刷坑沿槽宽方向的发展随着波高的增大而增大,随着水深的增大变化不明显;平衡剖面上最大冲刷深度、最大淤积高度和冲刷坑水平长度亦随着波高的增大而显著增加。试验成果可为进一步建立相应的三维泥沙冲刷数值模型提供校核依据。     

不同结构形式丁坝水毁过程分析*

通过水槽概化模型试验对不同坝型、坝长和挑角丁坝的水毁过程进行对比分析,找出冲刷坑深随时间变化的规律,观测到不同结构形式丁坝对河床冲刷地形的影响.在此基础上,对比分析不同的坝型的试验数据,提出具有较好稳定性的新型坝身横断面结构形式,并且深入研究丁坝不同坝长、挑角下河床冲刷及丁坝水毁机理.     

长江上游丁坝坝根水毁过程的试验研究

通过概化模型试验对不同来流量、不同水深及不同坝长条件下丁坝坝根的水毁过程及现象进行观测,并对不同工况下坝根的水毁情况进行对比分析,得出长江上游丁坝坝根水毁的原因。结果表明:来流量的大小对丁坝坝根的水毁影响最为直接,其次是丁坝坝长,通过影响坝体周围的水流结构间接影响坝根的水毁,而水深对其影响仅限于刚淹没状态,当水深高于坝上3 cm时,坝根处水毁已不明显。     

淹没式丁坝三维绕流的数值模拟*

利用FLUENT中的RNG k-ε湍流模型和VOF模型对淹没式丁坝周围流场进行了数值模拟研究.计算结果表明,由于丁坝的束水作用,主流区的流速增大,丁坝下游出现了较大的回流区,回流区的流速较小.同时,水流在丁坝处发生了壅水现象,靠近丁坝上游的水位增高,经过丁坝后的水位迅速下降,并在丁坝下游沿程逐渐恢复.计算结果和试验观察与丁坝绕流客观规律相符合,流速计算结果与试验数据吻合较好,说明该模型可用于航道整治中有关丁坝的工程计算中.     

基于减小坝头局部冲刷的非淹没式水力插板透水丁坝群优化试验

为了寻找水力插板透水丁坝群减小坝头局部冲刷的最佳设计参数和布置方案。文章在双丁坝布置的情况下,通过改变第二、三个丁坝的间距,第三个丁坝的挑角、透水率、长度进行单因素试验,得出各单因素与第三个丁坝坝头冲刷坑深度的回归方程。再从每组单因素试验结果中选择最佳试验水平,利用L9(34)正交试验设计表设计4因素3水平的正交试验。正交试验结果表明:4个单因素对第三个丁坝坝头冲刷坑深度的影响为:丁坝长度>丁坝间距>丁坝透水率>丁坝挑角。水力插板透水丁坝群减小坝头局部冲刷的最佳设计参数和布置方案:第一个丁坝长度,第二个丁坝长度,第三个丁坝长度与河宽的比值分别为0.25、0.21、0.21;第一个、第二个丁坝透水率为30%,第三个丁坝透水率为20%;第一、二个丁坝间距与第一个丁坝长度的比值为3,第二、三个丁坝间距与第二个丁坝长度的比值为2;第一个、第二个和第三个丁坝挑角为60°。     

空隙率对丁坝周围水位影响数值模拟研究*

丁坝是航道整治常用的整治建筑物之一，实际工程中多采用散抛石丁坝，此类丁坝具有一定透水性，不同的空隙率对改善透水丁坝附近水位具有不同的效果。基于计算流体力学FLOW-3D 软件，研究空隙率对透水丁坝坝身段、坝头前端以及主流带区各个位置水位变化影响。结果表明：在丁坝坝身段、坝头前端以及主流带区水位与空隙率变化关系基本一致，丁坝上游段，当空隙率小于15.4%时，水位随空隙率增大先降低后升高，当空隙率大于15.4%时，水位减小至某一值后趋于稳定；坝体轴线处，水位随着空隙率增大呈现上下波动；各透水丁坝坝后水位均高于实体丁坝，但坝后水位与空隙率并非呈正相关变化。     

丁坝周围水流紊动特性与地形冲刷的关系*

通过动床冲刷试验对不同形式丁坝的水流紊动特性进行对比分析,结合河床冲刷地形等值线图,找出水流紊动特性与河床冲刷之间的关系。在此基础上,深入分析不同形式丁坝对水流紊动特性的影响,优选出新型坝体结构形式。试验结果表明：丁坝周围地形的冲刷与水流紊动的强烈程度有关,冲刷坑的深度随水流紊动特性的变化有先增大后减小的趋势;沙垄主要由粗砂组成,且断面形状呈“流线型”,回流区出现细砂覆盖层;圆弧断面和勾头形式丁坝在减弱水流紊动方面具有一定的优势。     

正压和斜压条件下勾头和直角丁坝的流动特性比较（英文）

Groins are employed to prevent nearshore areas from erosion and to control the direction of flow. However, the groin structure and its associated flow characteristics are the main causes of local erosion. In this study, we investigate the flow patterns around refractive and right-angle groins. In particular, we analytically compare the flow characteristics around a refractive groin and study the degree of accuracy that can be achieved by using a right-angle groin of various projected lengths. To compare the flow characteristics, we replaced the right-angle groin with an approximation of a refractive groin. This replacement had the least effect on the maximum velocity of flow in the channel. Moreover, we investigated the distribution of the density variables of temperature and salinity, and their effects on the flow characteristics around the right-angle groin. A comparison of the flow analysis results in baroclinic and barotropic conditions reveals that the flow characteristic values are very similar for both the refractive and right-angle groins. The geometry of the groin, i.e., right-angle or refractive, has little effect on the maximum speed to relative average speed. Apart from the angular separation, the arm length of the groin in downstream refractive groins has less effect on other flow characteristics than do upstream refractive groins. We also correlated a number of non-dimensional variables with respect to various flow characteristics and groin geometry. These comparisons indicate that the correlation between the thalweg height and width of the channel and groin arm's length to projection length have been approximated using linear and nonlinear formulas regardless of inner velocity in the subcritical flow.     

长江南京以下12.5 m深水航道一期工程 通州沙河段齿坝方案研究*

为了成功实现12.5 m深水航道由太仓上延至南通的预定目标,拟对通州沙河段洲滩关键部位进行必要的工程整治,整治措施主要包括修建潜堤及齿坝.为了明确通州沙河段整治工程各齿坝的功能定位,采用SWEM2D模型建立了覆盖通州沙河段的平面二维潮流数学模型,通过研究工程实施前后周边流场变化情况来确定整治工程各齿坝工程的功能,为最终方案设计提供科学依据.研究结果表明,通州沙河段整治工程上游5根齿坝主要以固滩稳槽为主,下游3根齿坝则以导流增深为主,结合潜堤工程的修建,工程对于通州沙航道困难段整治主要以减小狼山沙窜沟分流、增加航道困难段落潮动力为主.     

具有向下渗漏特性的沙质渠道中串列桥墩绕流及冲刷特性试验研究（英文）

Experimental investigations have been carried out to study morpho-hydraulic characteristics such as scour geometry and turbulent flow properties around tandem piers in alluvial channels. Experiments were carried out in a plane sand bed with two circular piers of same diameter arranged in tandem manner under no seepage, 10% seepage and 20% seepage conditions. Downward seepage minimizes the scour depth around piers and restrains the development of scour depth with time. Strong reversal flow is found near the bed at upstream of piers and near free surface at downstream of piers where velocity and Reynolds shear stress are found to be negative which reduce in magnitude with downward seepage. The flow is more critical within the gap between two piers where velocity is lesser near free surface and gradually increasing towards bed. Quadrant analysis shows that contribution of each event to the total Reynolds shear stress increases with downward seepage. Sedimentation effect prevails within the scour hole whereas outside the scour hole erosive forces become more dominant. Reduced reversal flow at upstream of pier because of downward seepage results in decreasing higher order moments and turbulent kinetic energy. At downstream of piers, secondary currents are dominant due to wake vortices. Strouhal number decreases in case of seepage runs than no seepage condition.     

往复流不同入射角条件下跨海大桥桥墩局部冲刷研究

文章以港珠澳跨海大桥工程为依托,采用理论计算和模型试验的手段进行研究,在公式得到验证的基础上,针对往复流不同入射角条件下桥墩局部冲刷深度问题进行探讨。结果表明:潮汐往复流条件下,桥墩上下游均出现局部冲刷,且上游冲刷深度大于下游;当桥墩迎流面与往复流流向基本垂直时,桥墩局部冲刷深度理论计算值略大于模型试验值,误差均在10%以内;在顺流面长度大于迎流面宽度的矩形桩墩墩型条件不变时,桥墩局部冲刷深度随往复流来流入射角的增大以变速率增大,且当入射角大于一定值时,桥墩冲刷深度趋于稳定。     

水下圆柱冲刷的时间演变（英文）

Temporal evolutions of scour at submerged circular cylinders were investigated. Flow visualization was carried out around the cylinders over plane, under developed and equilibrium scour holes. Video analysis technique was used to formulate the equations for determining the diameter of the horseshoe vortex around the submerged cylinders, which is also verified from the vector diagrams drawn using the velocity measurements. The scour process similar to live bed scour was noticed around the downstream cylinder. The diameter of the horseshoe vortex is found to depend on the diameter of respective cylinder, submergence ratio,spacing between the cylinders and skew angle. This formulation along with the dislodgement and transportation of a single sediment particle is further incorporated in the proposed model for determining the time variation of scour around the submerged cylinders. It is evident from the results that the upstream cylinder shelters the downstream cylinder and thereby reduces the scour at the downstream cylinder. Proposed model is further extended to incorporate the effect of non-uniformity of the sediment particles on the time variation of scour depth. The results indicate significant reduction of scour depth of around 6% and 35% for upstream and downstream cylinders respectively due to the formation of the armor layer. The model is also compared with the local scour component of field data around cylindrical bridge piers to establish the differences in the scour process around a partially submerged cylinder and fully submerged tandem and skewed cylinders.     

Experimental investigation on scour development and scour protection for offshore converter platform

Local scour around the offshore converter platform caused by current and wave will lead to the instability of foundation. A series of experiments are performed to investigate the scour development and scour protection of the offshore converter platform. The development and evolution characteristics of the local scour around the gravity based structure foundation under the actions of current flow and wave are analyzed. The results show that the edge scour mainly occurs at the lateral sides of the platform and the scour pits are symmetrical about the centerline of the platform in the streamwise flow direction. The scour depth around the gravity based structure increases with the increase of flow velocity. The inclination and collapse of the platform is observed at α = 90° and U₀ = 0.25 m/s. The sand ripples are observed around the gravity based structure under the wave action, and the scour depth increases with the increase of wave height and wave period. Based on the comparisons of different scour protection methods, the combined bionic grass-geotextile-riprap protection has the best scour protection efficiency for the offshore converter platform.     

Comparison of Scour and Flow Characteristics Around Circular and Oblong Bridge Piers in Seepage Affected Alluvial Channels

The present study examines scour geometry and turbulent flow characteristics around circular and oblong piers in alluvial channel with downward seepage. Experiments were conducted in plane sand bed of non-uniform sand under no seepage, 10% seepage and 15% seepage conditions. Scour depth at oblong pier is significantly lesser than the scour depth at circular one. However, the scour depth at both piers reduces with downward seepage. The measurements show that the velocity and Reynolds stresses are negative near the bed at upstream of piers where the strong reversal occurs. At downstream of oblong pier near the free surface, velocity and Reynolds stresses are less positive; whereas, they are negative at downstream of circular pier. The streamline shape of oblong pier leads to reduce the strength of wake vortices and consequently reversal flow at downstream of pier. With application of downward seepage turbulent kinetic energy is decreasing. The results show that the wake vortices at oblong pier are weaker than the wake vortices at circular pier. The strength of wake vortices diminishes with downward seepage. The Strouhal number is lesser for oblong pier and decreases with downward seepage for both oblong and circular piers.     

受渗流影响的冲积河道中圆型和矩形桥墩受腐蚀情况和流动特性比较（英文）

The present study examines scour geometry and turbulent flow characteristics around circular and oblong piers in alluvial channel with downward seepage. Experiments were conducted in plane sand bed of non-uniform sand under no seepage, 10% seepage and 15% seepage conditions. Scour depth at oblong pier is significantly lesser than the scour depth at circular one.However, the scour depth at both piers reduces with downward seepage. The measurements show that the velocity and Reynolds stresses are negative near the bed at upstream of piers where the strong reversal occurs. At downstream of oblong pier near the free surface, velocity and Reynolds stresses are less positive; whereas, they are negative at downstream of circular pier. The streamline shape of oblong pier leads to reduce the strength of wake vortices and consequently reversal flow at downstream of pier. With application of downward seepage turbulent kinetic energy is decreasing. The results show that the wake vortices at oblong pier are weaker than the wake vortices at circular pier. The strength of wake vortices diminishes with downward seepage.The Strouhal number is lesser for oblong pier and decreases with downward seepage for both oblong and circular piers.     

松花江三姓浅滩丁、锁坝防冰措施研究

本文介绍了松花江三姓浅滩河段的基本冰情,分析了流冰对丁、锁坝的破坏方式和部位,根据冰对坝的破坏方式和部位.提出了三类共八种防冰措施.