Estimation of directional wave spectra and hull structural responses based on measured hull data on 14,000 TEU large container ships

To ensure hull structural strength of container ships in association with their increase in size, it is very important to grasp the hull stress histories all over the hull structure in actual sea state. However, ordinary hull stress monitoring systems are insufficient for this purpose because of the small number of stress sensors actually practicable. Therefore, in this paper, we discuss an approach to reproduce the hull stress responses which are not measured based on the estimated wave spectrum from the limited measurement data. To achieve this, we introduce a new model to estimate directional wave spectra based on measured ship stress responses and ship response functions, and further we estimate other ship responses using the model. To model an arbitrarily shaped directional wave distribution, the 360° direction is discretized into 36 directions of 10-degree intervals instead of using a directional distribution function, and in each direction, the wave spectrum is represented using the Ochi (3P) spectrum with three parameters (average wave period, significant wave height, and kurtosis). The authors discuss the evaluation results based on two stress response combinations, and a comparison is made between the sea state estimates made by the proposed method and the ocean wave hindcast database (JWA). Furthermore, by comparing the significant values and the spectra of the measured response of the ship with the estimated response based on both the estimated sea state by the proposed method and the hindcast sea state, the accuracies of the proposed method and the hindcast method are discussed in terms of ship stress estimation at non-instrumented locations.     

应用二轴流速仪定向原理估计船舶遭遇的浪向

浪向信息对船舶安全航行至关重要.然而实际海浪是复杂的三维不规则波,目前尚无简易的浪向预报装置,驾驶者只能靠目测初步判断浪向,同时根据船舶在波浪中的运动状态逐步调整航向.本文基于"二轴流速仪定向原理",将航行中的船舶纵摇、横摇运动信息转换为二轴流速仪的输出,实现了以最少的信息采集和数据处理方法以获得基本的浪向信息,为航行中的船舶提供了一较简易、可靠的浪向估计方法.     

Model experiment reproducing an incident of fast ferry

A model scale experiment at a new basin reproduced a phenomenon occurring for a fast ferry; large roll motion and subsequent cargo shift in a quartering sea. Wave generators surrounding the whole periphery of the basin realized a designated directional sea. A carriage system tracked a free-running model ship and a movable weight simulated the cargo shift. Measuring the directional wave field in the basin confirmed the all-around wave generator successfully reproduced the intended wave field that was estimated for the location and the time of the incident. The encounter wave spectrum analyzed using measured data agree well with the theoretically predicted one. The reproduced ship motion, triggered by a small concentrating wave, tells how the ship responded in the successive large quartering waves and the validity of the procedure to reproduce the incident. Repeated measurements of the model ship’s extreme motion confirm a high repeatability of the experiment.     

Numerical and experimental analysis of bow flare slamming on a Ro–Ro vessel in regular oblique waves

A method for the prediction of slamming loads on ship hulls is presented and validated for a 20-knot, 120-m car carrier. A nonlinear strip theory is used to calculate the relative motions of ship and wave. The relative vertical and roll velocities for a slamming event are given as input to the slamming calculation program, which is based on a generalized two-dimensional Wagner formulation and solved by the boundary element method. The method is fast and robust. Model tests of a car carrier have been carried out in regular head, bow, and bow quartering waves of various heights. Slamming on two panels in the upper part of the bow flare has been studied. It has been found that the water pile-up around the bow due to the forward speed of the vessel significantly increases the slamming pressures. A simplified way of including this effect is presented. When the calculated slamming pressures are corrected for 3D effects, they compare well with the measured data. Since the effect of the wave elevation due to the forward speed and the effect of three-dimensional flow act in opposite directions, excluding both of them produced results that also agreed quite well with the experiments, especially for the most severe slamming events.     

集装箱船整船有限元结构分析

文章以一艘１７００箱集装箱船为例,阐述了整船有限元结构分析方法。先建立全船有限元模型和质量模型,再用三维流体动力计算程序进行波浪随机载荷的长期预报,并在此基础上导出设计波参数组,最后,在全船有限元模型上 计算得出船体结构在各个设计波上的应力分布和变形结果,所得到的船体结构有限元分析结果对同类型集装箱船的设计和强度分析有一定的参考价值,对其它类型的船舶结构强度分析也有一定的借鉴意义。     

风浪中螺旋桨水动力变化的实用计算方法

风浪中螺旋桨水动力变化规律是研究舰船在风浪中速航性能的重要方面。本文参照有关文献,提出了一种计算风浪中螺旋桨推力、转矩损失的实用定量计算方法,既可用于较精确地估算舰船在风浪中的增阻和失速,还可供提高舰船在风浪中速航性的研究和螺旋桨设计参考。     

Sea state estimation based on vessel motion responses: Improved smoothness and robustness using Bézier surface and L1 optimization

Floating structures oscillate in waves, where these wave-induced motions may be critical for various marine operations. An important consideration is thereby given to the sea states at the planning and operating stages for an offshore project. The most important information extracted from a sea state is the directional wave spectrum, indicating wave direction, significant wave height, and wave spectrum peak period. Among several available methods of measuring and estimating the directional wave spectrum, the wave buoy analogy technique based on vessel motion responses is an in situ and almost real-time solution without extra costs of devices. If the forms of the wave spectra are not predefined in the estimation, the method is called a nonparametric approach. Its most remarkable advantage is the flexible form, but the smoothness should be regulated. After the discrete Fourier transform has been applied to the measured vessel motions, smoothing is necessary. However, this process results in disturbed vessel cross-spectra and a lowpass characteristic of the windowing function. This paper presents a nonparametric approach for directional wave spectrum estimation based on vessel motion responses. It introduces novel smoothness constraints using Bézier surface and includes a more robust estimate using L1 optimization. Both techniques are applied to the wave buoy analogy for the first time. Numerical simulations are conducted to verify the proposed algorithm.     

Broaching probability for a ship in irregular stern-quartering waves: theoretical prediction and experimental validation

To avoid stability failure due to the broaching associated with surf riding, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has begun to develop multilayered intact stability criteria. A theoretical model using deterministic ship dynamics and stochastic wave theory is a candidate for the highest layer of this scheme. To complete the project, experimental validation of the theoretical method for estimating broaching probability in irregular waves is indispensable. We therefore conducted free-running model experiments using a typical twin-propeller and twin-rudder ship in irregular waves. A simulation model of coupled surge–sway–yaw–roll motion was simultaneously refined. The broaching probability calculated by the theoretical method was within the 95 % confidence interval of that obtained from the experimental data. This could be an example of experimental validation of the theoretical method for estimating the broaching probability when a ship meets a wave.     

基于CFD的船舶不同浪向下运动及增阻数值分析

为分析波浪对船舶快速性和耐波性的影响,必须对波浪中航行的船舶阻力增值进行准确预报。本文基于计算流体力学软件FINE/Marine建立了Wigley船模的数值模型,对不同规则波波长下的船体运动和波浪增阻进行了计算,并与试验结果进行对比,验证了数值模型的可行性与准确性。同时计算分析了船舶在规则波中航行时的波浪增阻与浪向之间的变化关系。通过研究发现：随着浪向角的增大船舶波浪增阻逐渐增加,在60°浪向角时波浪增阻达到最大值,浪向角对波浪增阻的影响较大。本文的研究方法可用于船舶有航速下的不同浪向波浪增阻的数值预报。     

Added resistance acting on hull of a non ballast water ship

In this paper, added resistances acting on a hull of non ballast water ship(NBS) in high waves is discussed. The non ballast water ships were developed at the laboratory of the authors at Osaka Prefecture University, Japan. In the present paper, the performances of three kinds of bow shapes developed for the NBS were theoretically and experimentally investigated to find the best one in high waves. In previous papers, an optimum bow shape for the NBS was developed in calm water and in moderated waves. For a 2 m model for experiments and computations, the wave height is 0.02 m. This means that the wave height is 15% of the draft of the ship in full load conditions. In this paper, added resistances in high waves up to 0.07 m for a 2 m model or 53% of the full load draft are investigated. In such high waves linear wave theories which have been used in the design stage of a ship for a long time may not work well anymore, and experiments are the only effective tool to predict the added resistance in high waves. With the computations for waves, the ship is in a fully captured condition because shorter waves, λ/Lpp0.6, are assumed.     

航行于波浪中的肥大型船波浪增阻计算研究(英文)

Under the background of the energy saving and emission reduction, more and more attention has been placed on investigating the energy efficiency of ships. The added resistance has been noted for being crucial in predicting the decrease of speed on a ship operating at sea. Furthermore, it is also significant to investigate the added resistance for a ship functioning in short waves of large modern ships. The researcher presents an estimation formula for the calculation of an added resistance study in short waves derived from the reflection law. An improved method has been proposed to calculate the added resistance due to ship motions, which applies the radiated energy theory along with the strip method. This procedure is based on an extended integral equation (EIE) method, which was used for solving the hydrodynamic coefficients without effects of the irregular frequency. Next, a combined method was recommended for the estimation of added resistance for a ship in the whole wave length range. The comparison data with other experiments indicate the method presented in the paper provides satisfactory results for large blunt ship.     

运输船舶在波浪中失速的近似估算

如何准确、快速、简便地估算船舶在波浪中的失速，已成为船舶研究、设计人员及航运界有关人员共同关心的一个重要课题。文中给出了近似估算运输船舶在波浪中失速的2个方法。对处于初步设计阶段且尚未做过静水快速性能模型试验的运输船舶，可直接应用第2个方法。该方法提出的近似估算公式应用方便，也不用编程便可直接人工计算，且与模型试验结果相当吻合。     

Validation of 6-DOF motion simulations for ship turning in regular waves

In this study, a six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) motion simulation method of a ship steering in regular waves is validated. The proposed simulation model is based on the two-time scale concept where the 6-DOF motions are expressed as the sum of the low-frequency maneuvering motions and high-frequency wave-induced motions. Turning simulations of a KCS container ship model with a rudder angle of \(\pm 35^\circ\) in calm water and regular waves are performed and the obtained results are compared with the results of a free-running model test. The model tests were conducted using a ship model of length 3.057 m in a square tank at the National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering, Japan. The wave conditions were as follows: the wave height was 3.6 m at full-scale, ratio of wavelength to ship length was 1.0, and the ship approached in the head wave direction before it was steered. The present method can simulate both the turning motion and wave-induced motions in regular waves with practical accuracy.

     

LNG船运动响应数值计算与试验研究

随着能源需求的增加和人们环保意识的增强,天然气作为一种清洁能源越来越受到青睐。对于液化天然气的海上长距离运输, LNG船无疑是最有效、最经济的选择。耐波性作为船舶安全性能的一个重要指标,在船舶的设计和运营过程中必须考虑。本文采用挪威船级社 SESAM软件计算了 LNG船在规则波中的六自由度运动响应,研究航速和浪向对其运动的影响。根据相关要求制作船模进行其在规则波中的耐波性试验,并将计算结果跟试验结果进行对比。结果表明：浪向对其运动响应影响较大,横浪时升沉、横摇响应最大,迎浪时纵摇响应最大;计算结果与试验结果的变化规律吻合较好。     

随机横浪中船舶倾覆过程模拟与安全域计算

研讨了随机海浪中船舶非线性随机横摇运动倾覆过程和安全域问题.考虑非线性阻尼、非线性复原力矩和随机波浪,建立了随机横浪中船舶运动的随机非线性微分方程.考虑两参数海浪谱和不同的有义波高,计算随机波浪力矩,采用简谐加速度数值计算方法求解随机微分方程,进行了随机倾覆过程的数值模拟.考虑船舶运动的瞬时状态,发展了胞映射方法计算随机非线性横摇运动安全域的方法,并编制了计算机程序.模拟了一条渔船不同有义波高作用下横摇倾覆过程,考虑不同的初始条件及随机波浪参数,在初始值平面上采用胞映射法构造了渔船航行的安全域.波高较小时,安全域是一个连续的区域;随着有义波高增大,安全域面积减小并且不再连续,倾覆域和安全域相互包围.计算结果表明,船舶运动的瞬时状态对安全域具有重要影响,而且随机海浪中安全域具有随机特性.     

Broaching prediction in the light of an enhanced mathematical model,with higher-order terms taken into account

 We have attempted to develop a more consistent mathematical model for capsizing associated with surf-riding in following and quartering waves by taking most of the second-order terms of the waves into account. The wave effects on the hull maneuvring coefficients were estimated, together with the hydrodynamic lift due to wave fluid velocity, and the change in added mass due to relative wave elevations. The wave effects on the hydrodynamic derivatives with respect to rudder angles were estimated by using the Mathematical Modelling Group (MMG) model. Then captive ship model experiments were conducted, and these showed reasonably good agreements between the experiments and the calculations for the wave effects on the hull and the rudder maneuvring forces. It was also found that the wave effects on restoring moments are much smaller than the Froude–Krylov prediction, and the minimum restoring arm appears on a wave downslope but not on a wave crest amidship. Thus, an experimental formula of the lift force due to the heel angle of the ship is provided for numerical modelling. Numerical simulations were then carried out with these second-order terms of waves, and the results were compared with the results of free-running model experiments. An improved prediction accuracy for ship motions in following and quartering seas was demonstrated. Although the boundaries of the ship motion modes were also obtained with both the original model and the present one, the second-order terms for waves are not so crucial for predicting the capsizing boundaries themselves. Received: June 20, 2002 / Accepted: October 10, 2002 Acknowledgments. This research was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (No. 13555270). The authors thank Prof. N. Rakhmanin of the Krylov Ship Research Institute for providing the Russian literature, as well as Mr. H. Murata of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) for translating it into Japanese. Address correspondence to: N. Umeda (e-mail: umeda@naoe.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp)     

叠船运输方式下的半潜船耐波性分析

以叠船运输方式下的半潜船为研究对象,采用CATIA软件进行三维建模。基于AQWA软件计算在规则波中不同浪向、不同航速和不同吃水下的响应幅值算子（Response Amplitude Operator,RAO）,分析在不规则波中不同海况条件下货物绑扎设计关键点的加速度变化,发现浪向、航速和吃水等因素对RAO的影响规律。研究结果可为叠船运输方式下的半潜船安全运输提供运动预报,为货物绑扎设计提供依据。     

Global wave loads on intact and damaged Ro-Ro ships in regular oblique waves

A nonlinear time-domain simulation method is presented for the prediction of dynamic global wave loads on a Ro-Ro ship at zero speed in regular oblique waves in an intact and a damaged condition. Numerical computations and model tests have been carried to investigate the structural responses of Ro-Ro ship Dextra to various wave amplitudes at three different wave headings (DTR-4.1-NEW-12.98, DEXTREMEL project BE97-4375, 1998; DTR-4.2-NEW-11.99, DEXTREMEL project BE97-4375, 1999). The results of numerical and experimental investigations for stern quartering waves are reviewed. Comparisons between predictions and measurements for global wave loads at the midship section of the intact and the damaged Ro-Ro ship show that the agreement between the theory and experiment for dynamic horizontal and vertical bending moments is excellent. On the other hand, correlation between the predictions and measurements for dynamic vertical shear force is better than that for dynamic horizontal shear force. Nevertheless, the calculated torsion moment values are higher than the measured values. As the wave amplitude is not small, the positive and negative peaks of global wave loads are no longer equal to each other as found in both the calculations and experiments. The dynamic vertical global wave loads in the damaged condition are larger than that in the intact condition.     

国外核动力潜艇耐波性理论预报

采用STF理论和Frank源分布-紧密拟合法对国外核潜艇潜望状态进行了纵荡、垂荡、纵摇、横荡、横摇、艏摇和垂向加速度等波频运动耐波性理论预报.给出了不同航速、航向时的规则波运动响应和不同航速、航向、波高、波浪平均周期时的不规则波运动统计值.对典型艇型进行变化稳心高、纵向和横向惯性系数计算.最后对各艇进行了耐波性能比较.     

基于一个二维修正水弹性方法的集装箱船体梁动态前极限强度评估研究

海上极端波因其巨大的波高常常导致船体的极限破坏。该文提出了一个二维的修正水弹性方法来研究一个集装箱船船体梁在极端波中的动态前极限强度。传统的极限强度评估基于准静态方法,没有动态效应被考虑。而船体在波浪下的动态结构响应是基于水弹性方法,传统的水弹性方法并不能计算船体梁的动态非线性强度。该二维修正的水弹性方法考虑时域波浪和非线性船体梁之间的耦合,将水弹性方法和Smith方法结合,用Smith方法计算船体梁的刚度,而其刚度与船体梁的强度和变形曲率有关。所以该时域的非线性刚度被用于修改水弹性方法里的常数项的结构梁刚度。几组极端波模型被用以产生船体梁的大变形和非线性动态垂向弯矩。文中分别采用修正水弹性方法和普通水弹性方法,通过改变四个重要的极端波参数如极端波最大波高、规则波的波高、波速和波长等来研究其对船体梁船中处的大变形转角和非线性垂向弯矩的影响,通过采用修正的水弹性方法计算得来的结果与水弹性方法计算得来的结果相比较,得到了一些差异和结论。