Deformation process of web girders in small-scale tanker double hull structures subjected to lateral impact

Experimental drop weight impact tests are performed to examine the dynamic response of web girders in a one-tenth scaled tanker double hull structure struck laterally by a knife edge indenter. The small stiffeners of the full-scale prototype are smeared in the small-scale specimen by increasing the thicknesses of the corresponding plates. The plastic response is evaluated at two impact velocities and the impact location is chosen between two web frames to assure damage to the outer shell plating and the stringers. The laboratory results are compared with numerical simulations performed by the LS-DYNA finite element solver. In the simulations, the strain hardening of the material is defined using experimental data of quasi-static tension tests and the strain rate sensitivity is evaluated using standard coefficients of the Cowper–Symonds constitutive model. The experimental permanent deflection and shape of the deformation show a good agreement with the collision simulations. It is found that the crushing resistance of the specimens is determined by the deformation mechanism of the stringers. Thus, the deformation process is described and compared with theoretical deformation modes for web girders subjected to large in-plane quasi-static loads. Additionally, the influence of the stiffeners on the shape of the deformation of the stringers is illustrated through simulations of stiffened structural elements.     

Experimental numerical and analytical analysis of the penetration of a scaled double-hull tanker side structure

The paper presents experimental, numerical and analytical analyses of a small-scale double-hull structure quasi-statically punched at the mid-span by a rigid flat edge indenter, to examine its energy-absorbing mechanism and fracture. The present study aims to further validate the numerical analysis procedure and the analytical method of individual stiffened panels and web girders against the experiment of the double-hull structure. The specimen, scaled from a tanker's double side structure, includes three spans between the web frames and two spans between the stringers. The paper provides practical information to estimate the extent of structural damage within ship sides during collision accidents. The experimentally obtained force-displacement response and deformation shape show a good agreement with the simulations performed by the explicit LS-DYNA finite element solver. The analysis of the double-hull structure demonstrates the accuracy of the procedure for identifying standard inputs used in numerical codes, in particular the definition of material plastic hardening and the calibration of the critical failure strain by tensile test simulation. The experimental and numerical results are used to validate the analytical method proposed in previous investigations at the plastic deformation stage and a revised semi-analytical method is proposed in the present study for the large penetration stage.     

Simplified analytical method for evaluating web girder crushing during ship collision and grounding

The paper presents a simplified analytical method to examine the crushing resistance of web girders subjected to local static or dynamic in-plane loads. A new theoretical model, inspired by existing simplified approaches, is developed to describe the progressive plastic deformation behaviour of web girders. It is of considerable practical importance to estimate the extent of structural deformation within ship web girders during collision and grounding accidents. In this paper, new formulae to evaluate this crushing force are proposed on the basis of a new folding deformation mode. The folding deformation of web girders is divided into two parts, plastic deformation and elastic buckling zones, which are not taken into account for in the existing models. Thus, the proposed formulae can well express the crushing deformation behaviour of the first and subsequent folds. They are validated with experimental results of web girder found in literature and actual numerical simulations performed by the explicit LS-DYNA finite element solver. The elastic buckling zone, which absorbs almost zero energy, is captured and confirmed by the numerical results. In addition, the analytical method derives expressions to estimate the average strain rate of the web girders during the impact process and evaluates the material strain rate sensitivity with the Cowper-Symonds constitutive model. These adopted formulae, validated with an existing drop weight impact test, can well capture the dynamic effect of web girders.     

Integrated numerical analysis of an iceberg collision with a foreship structure

This paper presents results of integrated elasto-plastic analyses of ship-iceberg collisions based on continuum mechanics modelling of both bodies. The collision simulation was simplified by splitting the problem into external and internal mechanics, which are both discussed in detail. A simplified formulation was used to obtain the demand for energy dissipation in a ship-iceberg collision. The internal mechanics was assessed by means of the explicit non-linear code LS-DYNA 971. A new iceberg material model was used to simulate the iceberg behaviour during the impact. The foreship structure was modelled by shell elements. Rupture due to excessive straining was taken into account by a widely used steel fracture model. The relative strength of the ship and iceberg was varied by adjusting the stress-strain properties of the steel. Two iceberg shapes were investigated: a half-sphere with a radius of 2000 mm and another half-sphere with a radius of 1000 mm. The point of impact of the iceberg was assumed to be either the web frame or midway between web frames. The evolution of contact pressure and the distribution of damage to the foreship and crushing of the iceberg were studied comprehensively.     

船艏横向加强框架对船艏耐撞性能的影响

在撞击过程中船艏结构的典型损伤是外壳板和内加筋的褶皱，撕裂和弯曲。在以前的船舶结构的碰撞分析的简化方法或数值模拟中往往略去横向肋骨框架对船艏碰撞性能的影响。本文利用有限元数值仿真方法研究了横向肋骨框架在碰撞损坏过程中的作用，发现其对船艏结构的损伤形态、碰撞力及能量耗散有重要影响。因而是碰撞计算中不可忽略的因素。     

失效准则在船舶碰撞破坏中的应用研究

船舶结构冲击破坏一直都是学者们研究的重点,而碰撞破坏是船舶结构在生命周期内最有可能遭受的冲击破坏形式。因为船舶惯性质量大,在很低的速度下,碰撞也会造成船舶损毁的严重后果。作为判定结构是否失效的关键依据,失效准则对碰撞仿真分析结果的准确性有着至关重要的影响。本文针对典型的船体双层壳结构,结合试验数据,对比尖刀型撞头碰撞仿真下双层壳结构的塑性变形,对碰撞有限元模型及材料本构参数进行验证。在此基础之上重点研究GL、RTCL和JC工程上3种常用金属延性失效准则在碰撞破坏仿真分析中的应用。结果显示:板壳结构在碰撞载荷下,撞击中心的应力三轴度在0.3~0.6之间,考虑应力三轴度的RTCL和JC失效准则更能真实反应板的撞击破坏。而船舶碰撞多属于低速碰撞,应变率效应影响较小。     

用非线性有限元的方法研究准静态加筋方形管压溃破坏中加强筋的影响

在船舶碰撞和搁浅中,薄壁结构在轴向压力条件下的压溃破坏是一种重要的破坏模式.本文用非线性有限元方法研究了准静态条件下纵向和横向加强筋对加筋方形管压溃破坏的影响.基于实验结果和数值仿真的结果,给出了新的等效板厚和平均压溃载荷计算公式.计算结果表明新的平均压溃载荷计算公式能够更好地拟合实验结果.     

外壳板采用纵骨加强的双层加肋圆柱壳水下声辐射分析

建立了外壳板加纵骨的双层加肋圆柱壳水下声辐射计算方法，计算模型采用Donnell壳体理论，考虑了环肋、舱壁和实肋板对内外圆柱壳的径向、切向、纵向反作用力以及纵向反弯矩，利用傅氏变换和模态展开在波数域建立了计算模型的声弹耦合控制方程。推导了所有结构部件以及水介质的速度阻抗表达式，采用数值计算方法在波数域求解出径向振动速度，利用稳相法得到远场辐射声压。研究表明，如果纵骨沿圆周均匀排列，则纵骨的存在不导致圆柱壳周向模态耦合，纵骨加强的双层圆柱壳水下声辐射计算可以大大筒化。采用文中方法研究了环频率以下外壳板加纵骨的双层加肋圆柱壳水下声辐射特性，计算表时：在较低的频率段，外壳板采用纵骨加强使双层加肋圆柱壳水下辐射声压增大；增大纵骨刚废，结构辐射声压也相应增大；纵骨间距对双层加肋圆柱壳水下声辐射影响比较复杂，辐射声压谱随纵骨间距变化较大，而总声级变化不明显。     

Behavior of a double hull in a variety of stranding or collision scenarios

A series of nine tests was conducted to investigate the behavior of a double hull in a variety of stranding or collision scenarios. Cones of five different nose radii were made to model accident scenarios ranging from grounding on a sharp rock to stranding on a relatively flat seabed or shoal, and collision with a sharp bulbous bow of a fast ship to collision with a large bow of a VLCC. Three sub-series were designed in which the cones pressed shell plating, main supporting members and intersections of main supporting members. The test results reveal that the nose radius and the location of penetration have a very strong influence on the behavior of a double hull. Therefore, careful definition of accident scenarios is of crucial importance to assess the strength of ship hulls in accidents, and it is necessary to base the assessment on probability of accidents. Characteristics of the response of structural members were identified and idealized as simple theoretical models. Analytical formulae were derived and discussed. Primary damage mechanisms include membrane stretching of shell panel, onset of rupture, crack propagation, folding of main supporting members, and crushing of intersections of main supporting members. The new plate punching model captures the phenomenon that the load-carrying capacity of a plate depends on the size of the striking object. The plate perforating model predicts the reduced strength of plates with cracks. It reflects the observed test phenomenon that loads do not drop to zero even after rupture occurs in shell plating. A simple analytical method was developed to calculate the global strength of a double hull. The method takes geometrical parameters of seabed rocks or bulbous bows into account, and can be used for a wide range of different accident scenarios. Calculations using this method compared satisfactorily with the test results. This method can be easily incorporated into a probability-based framework to properly assess structural performance for a variety of damage scenarios. Similar to the Wang et al. (J Ship Res 41 (1997) 241) paper on raking damage, which uses only four analytical models, this method also requires only a common calculator to carry out the calculations.     

Experimental and numerical analysis of a tanker side panel laterally punched by a knife edge indenter

The paper presents finite element simulations of a small-scale stiffened plate specimen quasi-statically punched at the mid-span by a rigid indenter, in order to examine its energy absorbing mechanisms and fracture. The specimen, scaled from a tanker side panel, is limited by one span between the web frames and the stringers. The paper provides practical information to estimate the extent of structural damage within ship side panels during collision accidents. Moreover, the results of this investigation should have relevance to evaluate grounding scenarios in which the bottom sustains local penetration. This is possible since the structural arrangement of the double hull and the double bottom of tanker vessels is very similar. The experimentally obtained force–displacement response and shape of the deformation show good agreement with the simulations performed by the explicit LS-DYNA finite element solver. The numerical analysis includes aspects of particular relevance to the behaviour of ship structures subjected to accidental loads which could give rise to difficulties in interpreting finite element calculations. In particular, the paper comments on the material nonlinearities, the importance of specifying the precise boundary conditions and the joining details of the structure. The considerable practical importance of these aspects has been the focus of attention in previous publications of the authors which evaluate the experimental-numerical impact response of simple ship structural components, such as beams and plates. Therefore, this paper uses the definitions proposed in those references to evaluate its applicability in the scaled tanker side panel, as an example of a more complex ship structure.     

穿甲弹侵彻靶板数值模拟研究

基于Johnson-cook材料屈服模型描述材料本构关系,引入材料失效参数与单元删除技术,运用ABAQUS建立穿甲弹侵彻目标靶板的三维数值模型,研究探讨穿甲弹对靶板结构的毁伤机理及弹体碰撞冲击作用下靶板结构的损伤模式和动响应特性。分析结果表明：单元失效删除技术适用于处理侵彻冲击等大变形问题,穿甲弹侵彻靶板是典型的冲塞破坏,数值模拟的弹体剩余速度与参考文献结果吻合较好,充分验证了文中所建立的数值模型在预测侵彻过程中的动力响应及损伤的合理准确性。该研究方法与结论可为进一步研究物体碰撞时的侵彻和材料失效问题提供依据,也为穿甲弹结构优化设计及舰船结构装甲防护设计提供参考。     

On the global ship hull bending energy in ship collisions

During ship collisions part of the kinetic energy of the involved vessels immediately prior to contact is absorbed as energy dissipated by crushing of the hull structures, by friction and by elastic energy. The purpose of this report is to present an estimate of the elastic energy that can be stored in elastic hull vibrations during a ship collision.When a ship side is strengthened in order to improve the crashworthiness it has been argued in the scientific literature that a non-trivial part of the energy released for structural deformation during the collision can be absorbed as elastic energy in global ship hull vibrations, such that with strong ship sides less energy has to be spent in crushing of the striking ship bow and/or the struck ship side.In normal ship–ship collision analyses both the striking and struck ship are usually considered as rigid bodies where structural crushing is confined to the impact location and where local and global bending vibration modes are neglected. That is, the structural deformation problem is considered quasi-static. In this paper a simple uniform free–free beam model is presented for estimating the energy transported into the global bending vibrations of the struck ship hull during ship–ship collisions. The striking ship is still considered as a rigid body. The local interaction between the two ships is modeled by a linear load–deflection relation.The analysis results for a simplified model of a struck coaster and of a large tanker show that the elastic energy absorbed by the struck ship normally is small and varies from 1 to 6% of the energy released for crushing. The energy stored as elastic global hull girder vibrations depends on the ship mass, the local stiffness of the side structure, and of the position of contact. The results also show that in case of highly strengthened ship sides the maximum global bending strains during collisions can lead to hull failure.     

基于内聚力模型的X65管线钢稳定裂纹扩展研究

断裂破坏是海工结构中主要的失效模式之一。对管线钢管的断裂韧度评定以及其裂纹扩展行为的模拟研究,对于评估管道结构的安全性、结构完整性有重要的指导意义。在众多用于模拟裂纹大变形稳定扩展的理论中,内聚力模型方法(CZM),对大范围屈服的断裂行为分析十分有效。它具有强大的物理基础以及可在数值方法中逐步实现的适应性。鉴于此,文章运用CZM模型对X65管线钢双引伸计法的断裂韧度试验进行模拟,对比计算与试验结果。研究了不同CZM模型参数对模拟结果的影响,并优化了模型。用其作为计算模拟预测X65管线钢稳定裂纹扩展行为的方法,可替代部分实验来完成可靠性评估。     

碰撞/搁浅事故中船体强桁材结构损伤机理解析预报方法研究

随着航运业的快速发展,海上航行的船舶越来越多.尽管人们做了许多努力避免海上意外事故的发生,但海难事故依然不可避免.为了降低上述事故造成的损失,需要在设计阶段快速并准确地预报船舶的结构耐撞性.本文以强桁材结构为研究对象,通过开展准静态冲压试验及相应的数值仿真,分析强桁材结构在面内冲压载荷作用下的变形机理,并基于试验与仿真所得到的结构变形特点,提出强桁材面内受压时的变形模式.以此为基础,运用塑性力学理论,推导出结构变形能、瞬时结构变形抗力及平均结构变形抗力的解析预报公式,并将计算结果与试验结果进行比较验证.研究得到的结构面内受压变形能和抗力解析计算公式,可以快速评估事故载荷下结构的响应情况,包括结构变形阻力及能量耗散,具有使用方便,计算速度快,计算结果相对可靠的优点,对船体耐撞结构设计及抗撞性能评估具有一定的指导意义.     

层间水对水下双层结构撞击历程的影响分析

双层壳体结构是潜艇等大型水下结构的重要结构形式,潜艇结构的水下碰撞是潜艇的主要事故形式,然而,针对双层壳体的潜艇结构水下碰撞问题的研究工作目前却极为有限.文中首先提出潜艇碰撞问题,并对其碰撞特征进行分析,然后针对潜艇水下碰撞环境下,层间水对碰撞历程的影响和双层结构的碰撞特点进行了理论分析,在数值仿真计算的基础上,着重讨论了双层板结构在碰撞过程中,层间水对撞击速度、碰撞力以及双层板吸能特性的影响,分析结果显示,层间水对双层壳板撞击历程的影响主要体现在两方面:一是接触初始阶段,耐压壳板将由于层间水的存在,与非耐压壳板组成抗冲击弹簧体系参与抗冲击作用,吸收冲击能量,这对于双层壳板的防撞性能是有利的;二是非耐压壳板穿透后,层间水的影响主要体现为水对耐压壳板的粘附作用,耐压壳板的抗撞能力显著下降.     

Extension of the super-elements method to the analysis of a jacket impacted by a ship

The aim of this paper is to present a simplified analytical method for estimating the crushing resistance of an oblique cylinder impacted by the stem of a striking ship. The collision angle of the vessel is arbitrary, i.e. oblique collisions are also considered in this article. The two extremities of the tube are assumed to be clamped. These developments are intended to be used for evaluating the crashworthiness of an offshore wind turbines jacket. To achieve this goal, closed-form expressions are first derived for the particular situations of a horizontal and a vertical cylinder by applying the upper-bound method. An interpolation formula is then proposed to get the resistance opposed by the tube for any inclination angle. In order to validate these theoretical developments, some comparisons are made with the results of numerical simulations. These latter are performed using the finite elements software LS-DYNA. In almost all cases, the analytical prediction of the resistance is found to be in quite good agreement with the numerical ones. Finally, another comparison is made by simulating an OSV collision with a full jacket. In this case, the theoretical model is found to be insufficient for large impact energies and points out the need of further research.     

小型快艇结构耐撞性研究

船舶碰撞是一种复杂非线性瞬态响应过程,在碰撞区内的构件一般迅速进入塑性流动状态,出现撕裂、屈曲等形式的破坏和失效,因此对小型快艇结构碰撞特性进行分析非常必要。分析了艇艏撞击作用下快艇舷侧加筋结构的渐进破坏过程,给出了撞深曲线。为表征小型快艇船体结构的耐撞性能,建立了基于综合考虑塑性应变衡准和撞深衡准的小型艇结构耐撞性评价模型。最后,运用有限元法进行数值分析,开展快艇改进舷侧的结构耐撞性优化研究。数值分析表明,对于中小型快艇,碰撞损伤主要是艇体的总体弯曲变形,损伤变形区域占全船的比例较大,采用塑性应变衡准和撞深衡准能有效地刻画中小型快艇结构耐撞性。     

耐压液舱结构强度与稳定性

应用有限元方法对纵骨式耐压液舱结构进行系列计算,通过多参数多工况方案对比分析,详细讨论了耐压壳板半径、液舱壳板半径、耐压船体壳板板厚、液舱壳板板厚、相邻实肋板间距、相邻纵骨间距等参数对液舱壳板和耐压船体壳板结构强度和稳定性的影响,研究结果可供潜器耐压液舱结构设计参考,并为进一步完善耐压液舱结构的理论计算方法提供依据.     

环肋圆柱壳应力分析的一种新方法

本文将环肋圆柱壳分解为肋骨腹板、肋骨翼板和圆柱壳三个部分进行联立求解,获得环肋圆柱壳应力计算的一个比较精确的方法.通过实例计算并与规范中的计算方法[2]比较,可以观察到肋骨偏心对圆柱壳板和肋骨应力的影响,尤其是内、外肋骨布置方式引起的应力差异.对于大尺寸的内肋骨应力计算,规范方法可能会出现较大的不安全误差,应采用本文提出的新方法.