船体表面应力腐蚀问题的一种无网格计算方法研究

文章采用无网格方法(MLPG)中最简单的MLPG5技术,对船舶表面微裂缝在腐蚀工作环境中向内扩展情形进行了数值计算模拟,计算中假设了船体材料为各向同性,并引入了线弹性假设。对比以往的有限元计算方法,发现处理裂缝扩展的数值计算问题时,无网格计算方法显示了其独特的优越性。同时,根据材料特性、外荷载以及温度等参数的变化,文中分别描述了三种可能的裂缝扩展方式:裂缝钝化、稳态以及非稳态的快速破环等。     

船体结构表面裂缝在应力腐蚀耦合作用下的扩展机理数值研究

用数值方法研究了船体表面微裂缝在海水腐蚀以及外荷载耦合作用下扩展的机理.实验表明,在给定材料和腐蚀环境的条件下,外荷载越小,微裂缝扩展并最终导致材料断裂破坏过程越长;但当荷载小于某个值(门槛值或称疲劳极限)时,这种延迟的腐蚀断裂破坏现象可以避免.为研究方便,文中假设了在腐蚀环境中工作的材料为各向同性材料.根据数值计算结果,共发现了三种可能的裂缝扩展形式,并证实了导致腐蚀疲劳断裂临界条件的存在性.最后通过计算,针对不同材料以及不同环境条件,勾勒出导致腐蚀疲劳断裂相应的临界条件曲线.     

加筋板结构止裂数值计算与实验研究

对含裂纹加筋板结构的裂纹稳态扩展进行了数值模拟及实验研究.采用有限元模型计算了裂尖强度因子,模拟了裂纹在板面内的扩展,同时针对几种加筋结构形式,进行了扩展裂纹止裂的实验研究.     

基于CFD技术的流动海水对管路侵蚀机理分析

为研究流动海水对管道侵蚀机理,对3种易发生腐蚀的管路部位建立了几何模型,运用结构化网格对数值计算区域进行离散,并应用计算流体力学软件进行数值计算,得出了3种易腐蚀管路内部的海水流动状况、湍动能分布、剪应力分布以及内表面的压应力分布。通过对以上区域内流场的分析,找出流动海水引起管道侵蚀的原因,主要包括冲击腐蚀、冲刷腐蚀和空泡侵蚀。数值模拟分析的结果和管路实际工作易腐蚀区域取得了较好的一致。     

波浪作用下斜坡上护面块体断裂破坏的数值模拟

基于FEM/DEM方法建立原型尺度数值模型,模拟波浪荷载作用下斜坡上护面块体内部的应力分布和断裂破坏过程。其中结构物所受的波浪力采用微幅波的理论解计算,块体之间的运动、接触以及块体变形采用FEM/DEM方法模拟。采用基于势函数的罚函数法计算块体之间的接触力,采用Single/Smeared破坏模型模拟混凝土块体开裂,采用中心差分法的显式积分算法进行数值求解计算。分别采用文中数值模型与ANSYS模型对自重作用下块体的应力进行比较分析,给出了块体碰撞破坏的两种形式,验证了数值模型应力和变形计算的精度。通过数值模拟给出了不同波浪荷载下斜坡上护面块体的运动、内部应力分布、裂缝形成和断裂过程,给出了不同点的应力历时曲线,探讨了块体的应力变化和断裂破坏的特性。     

考虑残余应力的加筋板结构疲劳裂纹应力强度因子计算方法研究

文章基于温度梯度法对焊接残余应力分布进行了模拟。通过对有限元网格划分规则的讨论,确定了数值模拟过程中应力强度因子计算的最佳方案,同时,采用Green函数法以及Faulkner模型给出了残余应力作用下应力强度因子的理论值。通过有限元模拟与理论计算的结果比较,验证了常规载荷以及残余应力作用下,含中心裂纹平板以及含初始裂纹加筋板结构应力强度因子计算结果的准确性,建立了考虑残余应力影响的结构裂纹扩展模拟流程。最后,通过拉伸载荷下加筋板裂纹扩展模型试验对数值计算方法进行了验证,为加筋板结构裂纹扩展规律研究以及裂纹扩展寿命预报奠定了基础。     

散货船阻力预报中湍流模型的应用

采用直接求解RANS方程的方法对20艘散货船的绕流场和阻力进行了数值模拟,比较了标准模型、RNG模型及SST模型对数值计算结果的影响.通过与试验结果的详细对比,发现只要选取合适的湍流模型,数值模拟结果能够达到较高的精度,在1% -2%之间.这表明该数值计算方法能够满足工程的实际使用要求,可以在工程中推广应用.     

基于镜像SPH的三维容器液体晃荡研究

基于SPH方法对液体在三维矩形容器中的非线性晃荡问题进行了数值模拟研究。采用镜像粒子边界建立三维模型,成功解决传统SPH方法在容器壁产生缝隙的问题。对横荡和横摇两种容器运动形式进行数值模拟,在液面时间历程、不同时刻液体形态、点压强以及液体晃荡作用力等方面与其他学者的实验研究结果和数值计算结果进行对比验证,表明此三维模型的正确性。     

重力式码头胸墙大体积混凝土浇注温度控制与信息化施工技术

为解决重力式码头胸墙施工中温度裂缝的控制采用通用有限元软件ABAQUS对胸墙大体积混凝土施工及养护过程进行数值模拟.计算得到混凝土内部温度场变化情况,并与实测结果进行比较.根据数值模拟的结果选择合理的保温措施以避免裂缝产生.该技术对于优化施工工艺,提高施工管理水平都有积极意义.     

深海超高压环境模拟容器裂纹评定

深海超高压环境模拟容器用于模拟水下压力环境,其容器壁上承受反复载荷,容易产生疲劳裂纹.疲劳裂纹扩展是影响其断裂的主要因素.本文旨在分析半椭圆裂纹在老化的深海超高压环境模拟容器中的扩展行为,评估容器的安全性,因此对材料20MnMoNb钢的裂纹扩展特性进行了试验研究,首先考虑三角形和梯形加载情况,通过比较两组实验结果,考察了其材料对保载时间的敏感性.采用基于统一的裂纹扩展率模型的三维有限元方法进行了疲劳裂纹扩展计算,并通过CT试样的一组数值和实验结果进行了验证,最后建立了不同初始尺寸、展弦比和倾角的裂纹有限元模型,并根据裂纹在容器内壁的容许深度准则,计算了容器的剩余寿命.其分析结果可为深海超高压环境模拟容器可靠性评估提供参考.     

Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation under superimposed stress histories containing different frequency components with several mean stress conditions

Fatigue crack propagation behavior under superimposed stress histories containing different frequency components with several mean stress conditions was investigated. Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation based on an advanced fracture mechanics approach using the RPG (Re-tensile Plastic zone Generating) stress criterion for fatigue crack propagation was improved to extract the effective part from the applied stress history for fatigue crack propagation. The parameter, which is based on the plastic hysteresis energy consumed in the vicinity of a crack tip, was applied and implemented into the numerical simulation code of fatigue crack propagation. Fatigue crack propagation tests under various superimposed stress conditions with several mean stress conditions were performed and compared with the fatigue crack propagation histories obtained from the improved numerical simulations. These comparisons show the validity of the proposed procedure for extracting the effective stress history from the superimposed stress histories with different frequency components and mean stresses. Additionally, practical fatigue strength evaluations based on the linear cumulative fatigue damage parameter were conducted to investigate the tendency of the fatigue damage value under these stress conditions.     

Simulation-based fatigue crack management of ship structural details applied to longitudinal and transverse connections

It is of continuing importance for ship structural design to establish a system to compute the growth behavior of fatigue cracks propagating in structural details. In the present paper, a simulation program is developed for multiple fatigue cracks propagating in a three-dimensional stiffened panel structure, where it can predict fatigue crack lives and paths by taking into account the interaction of multiple cracks, load shedding during crack propagation and welding residual stress. Various fatigue crack propagations in longitudinal stiffeners of ship structures are investigated by both the present simulation method and experiments. From these results, it is found that the crack propagation may considerably change, depending on the loading conditions, structural details and residual stress distributions. This means that one could possibly manage to avoid fatal damage of the skin-plate by properly designing the structural details. Furthermore, these results may imply a possibility to realize a rational fatigue crack management if one can estimate the fatigue crack-propagation behavior during the ship lifecycle. The present simulation program may offer a useful numerical tool for this purpose.     

Accurate evaluation of fracture parameters for a surface-cracked tubular T-joint taking welding residual stress into account

An efficient numerical analysis procedure based on FEM was implemented for evaluating the effect of welding residual stress (WRS) on mixed-mode stress intensity factors (MM-SIFs) for a non-planar surface-cracked tubular T-joint with a rounded weld toe. A multi-pass welding simulation was carried out using real welding conditions by means of an effective in-house welding simulation code. A fully compatible 3D finite element mesh generation system was implemented to model non-planar perpendicular surface-cracked tubular T-joints with rounded weld toes. The adequacy of the mesh generation system was verified with the reference solutions. A fully automated mapping code was developed to assign the six components of the simulated WRS to each element face over the crack surface. A developed fracture approach was employed to accurately compute MM-SIFs resulting from WRS in which normal and shear components of WRS were considered. MM-SIFs were calculated carefully for several surface cracks with different shapes under different loading conditions. The behavior of MM-SIF solutions resulting from the combination of external load and WRS was influenced significantly by the behavior of those produced due to WRS only. In addition, the value of the computed SIFs resulting from the combination of external load and WRS was almost doubled for mode-I SIF compared to those obtained by external load only and WRS only especially near the crack end locations. The behavior of the calculated fracture parameters was also discussed.     

基于裂纹缺陷的水下耐压壳体结构强度与稳定性研究

本文针对初始裂纹缺陷下的水下耐压壳体结构强度与稳定性失效问题。首先建立CT裂纹扩展试件的仿真模型,通过与试验结果比对验证裂纹仿真模型的有效性。随后建立无缺陷状态下的水下耐压结构有限元模型,对其强度与稳定性进行校核。在此基础上引入裂纹缺陷,建立非线性耐压结构强度与稳定性分析模型,研究不同裂纹缺陷参数对于结构强度与稳定性的影响规律,为结构裂纹扩展与寿命问题的研究提供技术支撑。     

A computational approach for fatigue crack propagation in ship structures under random sequence of clustered loading

The authors have developed a simulation program, CP-System, for multiple cracks propagating in a three-dimensional stiffened panel structure, where through-the-thickness crack propagation is formulated as a two-dimensional in-plane problem, and the crack propagation behavior is simulated by step-by-step finite element analyses. In order to evaluate the fatigue lives of marine structures accurately, it is necessary to take into account the load histories induced by sea waves, which may be composed of a random sequence of certain clustered loads with variable stress range. In the proposed crack growth model, the crack opening and closure behavior is simulated by using the modified strip yielding model, and the effective tensile plastic stress intensity range, ΔK _RP, is calculated by considering the contact of plastic wake along the crack surfaces. The adequacy of the proposed crack growth model is examined by comparison with fatigue tests under non-constant-amplitude loading. The usefulness of the developed method is demonstrated for a ship structural detail under certain simulated load sequences. It is shown that the fatigue crack growth of a ship structure is significantly retarded due to the load interaction effects, so that the conventional method for fatigue life assessment may predict a relatively conservative fatigue life of a structure.     

Numerical simulations of fatigue crack initiation and propagation based on re-tensile plastic zone generating load criterion for in-plane gusset welded joints

Many accidents are caused by fatigue in welded built-up steel structures, and so it is important to estimate the fatigue lives of such structures quantitatively for safety reasons. By assuming that fatigue cracks cannot grow without an accumulation of alternating tensile/compressional plastic strain, one of the authors identified an improved effective stress intensity factor range ΔK _RPG based on the re-tensile plastic zone generating (RPG) load, which represents the driving force for fatigue cracks, and suggested that ΔK _RPG should be used as the parameter to describe fatigue crack growth behavior. The “FLARP” numerical simulation code in which ΔK _RPG is implemented as the fatigue crack growth parameter, was developed in order to predict fatigue crack initiation and propagation behavior. In this paper, it is demonstrated that FLARP gives accurate estimates for fatigue life by comparing the estimated fatigue crack growth curves and S–N curves with the experimental results for in-plane gusset welded joints, which are used in many welded steel structures. Moreover, the effect of induced bending moment due to the linear misalignment in the out of plane direction on the fatigue strength of in-plane gusset welded joints is investigated through numerical simulations.     

Flexural fatigue behavior of butt-welded circular concrete-filled double skin steel tube (CFDST)：Experimental study and numerical modeling

Detailed understandings on the fatigue behavior of the concrete-filled double skin steel tubes (CFDSTs) under multiaxial stress states are essential to promote their applications in marine structures. A systematical investigation consisting both the experimental study and the according numerical modeling has been conducted. Physical tests were carried out to investigate the flexural fatigue behavior of the butt-welded hollow steel tubes (HSTs), concrete-filled steel tubes (CFSTs) and CFDSTs, in which the development of fatigue cracks and the fatigue life were captured. The feasibility of applying the existing S–N curves originally obtained from the HSTs to the constitutive steel tubes within the CFDSTs has been consequently verified. A two-stages simulation method was developed to analyze the full range development of fatigue cracks based on both the damage mechanics and the extended finite element method (XFEM). The influence of the multiaxial stress states on the fatigue behavior for the constitutive steel tubes was studied quantitatively, considering the offshore application scenarios where the steel tubes within the CFDSTs were subjected to larger external hydrostatic pressure or internal transmitted content pressure. The results show that the existence of the infilled concrete can effectively improve the fatigue behavior of the steel tubes. The life prediction models for both the fatigue crack initiation stage and propagation stage have been proposed, where the crack initiation life of the steel tube may reduce by 30% when its stress triaxiality increases from 0.36 to 0.48.     

A reliability approach to fatigue crack propagation analysis of ship structures in polar regions

Fatigue is a common failure mode in ship structures. For structures with an initial crack, the fatigue crack propagation behavior needs to be considered. The purpose of this study is to establish a procedure for analysis of fatigue crack propagation of ship structures in combination with reliability methods. The stress intensity factor (SIF) and geometry correction factor are calculated by means of finite element analysis. Validation for the SIF calculation is achieved by comparing the computed results with those based on related solutions. Since fatigue damage usually occurs in weld areas, the effect of such components on the fatigue crack propagation behavior was also considered in this work. The Paris law in combination with the Monte Carlo technique are employed for the fatigue crack propagation analysis in this study. Reliability updating based on inspection for cracks is also carried out. A computer program was developed for the purpose of fatigue crack propagation analysis within the framework of reliability methods. An application example of fatigue crack propagation in relation to the hull of the icebreaker Xuelong 2 is presented. The sensitivity of the procedure to key analysis parameters (sample size, initial crack size) is also considered. Finally, the effect of low temperatures on the computed results is also analyzed.     

考虑累积塑性的船体裂纹板变幅低周疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

船舶结构的扩展断裂失效往往是低周疲劳破坏和累积递增塑性耦合作用的结果,疲劳裂纹的扩展就是裂纹尖端前缘材料刚度不断降低、延展性不断耗失而逐渐分离的过程。基于弹塑性断裂力学理论,文章在作者对常幅载荷下提出的考虑累积塑性损伤的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型的基础上对具有单个过载峰的拉伸/压缩过载下的扩展行为进行了研究。通过低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验进一步验证了该预测模型能合理评估具有单个过载峰的拉伸/压缩过载下的低周疲劳裂纹扩展行为。     

钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验及预报方法

本文针对深海载人潜水器耐压壳用钛合金,开展疲劳性能试验研究,得到该类型钛合金的室温断裂韧性,载荷比R=0.1下的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值及疲劳裂纹扩展速率,基于选用的疲劳裂纹扩展预报模型,对载荷比R=0.1下的钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了预报研究。结果表明:在载荷比不变的前提下,应力强度因子范围是疲劳裂纹扩展速率的主要影响因素,应力强度因子范围的增加会导致疲劳裂纹扩展速率增加;考虑小裂纹效应的疲劳裂纹扩展预报模型可对钛合金的疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行准确预报。