长江口北支崇启大桥处潮位和盐度过程研究

位于长江口北支的崇启大桥处于盐淡水交替区,其混凝土桥墩易受海水腐蚀。为给桥墩抗腐试验提供必要的潮位变动区范围和盐度试验参数,建立了基于无结构网格的长江口盐水数值模型,计算分析了在不同径流量和外海潮汐边界条件下,崇启大桥断面潮位变幅及盐度变动过程。研究表明崇启大桥处潮位变幅大,潮汐是控制崇启大桥处水位变动范围的关键因素;桥墩处盐度整体取决于入海径流量,流量增加促使盐度降低,反之亦然;潮汐作用促使桥墩处呈现短周期性振荡盐度,盐度范围为10‰～26‰,其中枯季盐度平稳,洪季变幅大。     

基于PLC的水盐度信号测量与处理系统的设计

根据水中电极的导电性受水盐度和温度影响特点，实验测量获得一组在水盐度和温度变化情况下电极对应的电阻值，同时设计基于单片机的硬件电路和编写相应软件程序，研制出工作可靠的盐度信号测量系统，供船用海水淡化装置和船用锅炉等自动监控设计者参考。     

海水密度对自容式验潮仪测深精度的影响及取值方法研究

就自容式验潮仪工作原理,阐述了海水密度对验潮仪测深精度的影响,常规方法计算海水密度的适用性分析,不同温度、盐度、深度引起的海水密度变化,提出了采用深度对比法确定海水密度。     

船舶造水机产水盐度异常的探讨

结合船舶造水机的产水盐度异常现象,介绍船舶造水机的工作原理,分析影响产水盐度的各种因素,提出相应的管理措施.     

盐度对电厂温排水取水温升的影响

本文针对分列式表排深取的排取水口布置形式,通过变态物理模型试验,对恒定流盐度梯度下交汇水域温排水的水力热力特性进行模拟;分析了盐度、水深对取水温升的影响。结果表明盐度增大,密度差减小,垂向掺混增加,横向扩散减小,盐度0.6%～0.8%对温排水的影响复杂;同时证明电厂如果在淡水水域,表排深取是可行的;如果在沿海水域,需要结合水深、盐度综合考虑温排水的方式。     

某型船用海水淡化装置故障分析及排除

新制淡水盐度偏高是影响某型船用海水淡化装置正常使用的主要故障。文章结合笔者工作经验，通过对某型船用海水淡化装置新制淡水盐度偏高形成的原因进行分析、研究和探讨，找出解决问题的方法和途径。     

挽用Ⅱ4—2型海水淡化装置盐度高故障的分析与排除

海水淡化装置用于补充动力装置的给水储备，以及用于制造饮用水和洗涤水的原料水。目前海军舰艇上海水淡化主要有化学脱盐、电渗析、反渗透、热力蒸馏等方法。以蒸汽为动力的舰艇现都采用热力蒸馏法获得炉水。炉水盐度高是海水淡化装置经常出现的一种故障。高盐度炉水会直接、间接地对锅炉金属产生破坏作用，在容器和蒸发管束内表面生成盐酸和盐类沉淀物，引起锅炉腐蚀。     

盐度层化对长江口水动力的影响

基于FVCOM三维水动力及盐度模型,在考虑盐度层化和不考虑盐度层化两种条件下对长江口附近海域进行了水动力盐度数值模拟。计算结果表明,盐度层化产生的紊动抑制对垂向紊动粘滞系数和水平流速有较明显的影响。与不考虑盐度层化的计算结果相比,考虑盐度层化后,垂向紊动粘滞系数变小,流速垂向平均值变大,表层流速变大,底层流速变小,与实测值更为吻合。     

舰用Ⅱ4-2型海水淡化装置盐度高故障的分析与排除

海水淡化装置用于补充动力装置的给水储备,以及用于制造饮用水和洗涤水的原料水。目前海军舰艇上海水淡化主要有化学脱盐、电渗析、反渗透、热力蒸馏等方法。以蒸汽为动力的舰艇现都采用热力蒸馏法获得炉水。炉水盐度高是海水淡化装置经常出现的一种故障。高盐度炉水会直接、间接地对锅炉金属产生破坏作用,在容器和蒸发管束内表面生成盐酸和盐类沉淀物,引起锅炉腐蚀。因此,控制新造炉水盐度对锅炉的安全和使用寿命至关重要。本文结合笔者多年实践经验试通过对某型II4-2型海水淡化装置经常出现新造水盐度高的故障进行分析,研究和探讨解决新…     

长江口北槽近期盐度变化分析

根据1998年长江口深水航道治理工程开工以来的历次水文测验资料,从各个角度分析了近年来北槽航道内的盐度变化。     

灌河口盐、悬沙通量的分解及时空特征

灌河是江苏省北部目前唯一没有在干流建闸的入海河流,拥有广阔的滩涂和优良的航运条件。河口通量是河口治理和河口环境保护中的关键要素。为研究灌河口的盐及悬沙的输运,基于实测资料利用通量分解方法对灌河的盐及悬沙通量的空间分布、大-小潮与潮内的时间变化特征进行了探讨。研究认为：在口门以内的弯曲河段,盐通量在凸岸浅水区一般指向下游,在凹岸深槽处则指向上游。大、小潮期间悬沙通量则基本上为左侧指向上游、右侧指向下游;口外盐通量方向为NNE-NE,而且随径流量大小而稍有改变,口外悬沙通量方向在远岸区域表现为WNW-NNE,近岸G2测点的悬沙通量则指向口门;口门内外盐和悬沙通量的组成均基本以T1、T2和T4为主导,通量组成的总体特征在大、小潮期间基本类似。涨落潮流速最大时刻的悬沙通量不一定与流速方向一致,最大落潮流速时刻由于悬沙浓度可能小于平均值而导致悬沙净输运指向上游。     

长江河口盐水入侵数值模拟研究

长江河口盐水入侵一直是困扰上海市工农业生产及生活用水的一个重大问题。文章通过建立"长江口—杭州湾"大范围的二维水流盐度数学模型,在验证的基础上,重点分析了长江口盐水入侵总体格局、北支盐水倒灌、南支盐度分布格局等问题,并指出由于横沙通道的涨落潮流不平衡,北槽会有部分盐水倒灌进入北港;基于数学模型,对北支倒灌盐通量进行了初步计算。     

南港—北槽洪枯季沿程水沙盐特性分析*

利用2012年2月及8月长江口南港—北槽大、小潮水文测验资料,从涨落潮历时、流速、含沙量及含盐度等方面 分析了南港—北槽洪枯季水沙盐纵向及垂向分布特征以及潮周期内含沙量变化特性。分析表明：南港—北槽沿程各垂线落 潮平均历时洪季整体较枯季长,涨潮平均历时洪季整体较枯季短,且小潮期洪、枯季的这种差异更为明显;南港—北槽洪 季落潮流速普遍大于枯季,涨潮流速普遍小于枯季;小潮期涨潮平均流速会出现近底层较表层大现象, 且CSW-CS3出现滞 流点;北槽中段—口外段洪季含沙量及垂向差异均较枯季大,南港圆圆沙段及北槽上段枯季含沙量较洪季大;潮周期内北 槽中段各垂线上层含沙量均较小,且变化幅度相对较小,但下层含沙量变化达数倍乃至十几倍之多,且涨憩时段近底层含沙 量可能特别高;洪枯季北槽中段均存在盐水楔,其位置洪季偏上、枯季偏下,最大浑浊带洪枯季位置变化与此基本一致。     

Quasi-simultaneous observation of currents,salinity and nutrients in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) plume on the tidal timescale

During both the spring- and the neap-tide periods of November 2005, quasi-simultaneous observations were carried out by six boats over 26 h at 12 stations in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) plume. The simultaneous observations provided the actual distribution isopleths of salinity and nutrients that displayed considerable intra-tidal variations at surface, especially in the southeastern section of the study area. The lack of synopticity in sampling might lead to large discrepancies of the interpolated contours of salinity from the actual distribution isopleths. No clear flood-ebb asymmetry of salinity stratification was observed; whereas at inner stations, surface-to-bottom bulk velocity difference (current layering) always tended to be greater during the ebb fraction of a semidiurnal cycle. At a given station, the weaker neap tides commonly induced stronger salinity stratification, less intra-tidal variability of salinity and nutrients, and less intrusion of bottom saltwater. Nutrients (SiO₃^2?, NO₃^?, and PO₄^3?) showed more nonconservative behaviors during the neap tides, presumably as a result of the prolonged residence time of seawater and decreased suspended particulate matter levels than during the spring tides.     

Estimating salinity to complement observed temperature: 1. Gulf of Mexico

This paper and its companion [Thacker, W.C., Sindlinger, L., 2007-this issue. Estimating salinity to complement observed temperature: 2. Northwestern Atlantic. Journal of Marine Systems. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.06.007.] document initial efforts in a project with the goal of developing capability for estimating salinity on a region-by-region basis for the world oceans. The primary motivation for this project is to provide information for correcting salinity, and thus density, when assimilating expendable-bathythermograph (XBT) data into numerical simulations of oceanic circulation, while a secondary motivation is to provide information for calibrating salinity from autonomous profiling floats. Empirical relationships between salinity and temperature, which can be identified from archived conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) data, provide the basis for the salinity estimates.The Gulf of Mexico was chosen as the first region to explore for several reasons: (1) It's geographical separation from the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean makes it a “small ocean” characterised by a deep central basin surrounded by a substantial continental shelf. (2) The archives contain a relatively large number of CTD data that can be used to establish empirical relationships. (3) The sharp fronts associated with the Loop Current and its rings, which separate water with different thermal and haline characteristics, pose a challenge for estimating salinity. In spite of the shelf and the fronts, the relationship between salinity and temperature was found to be sufficiently regular that a single empirical model could be used to estimate salinity on each pressure surface for the entire Gulf for all seasons. In and below the thermocline, root-mean-square estimation errors are small — less than 0.02 psu for pressures greater than 400 dbar, corresponding to potential density errors of less than 0.015 kg/m³. Errors for estimates nearer to the surface can be an order of magnitude larger.     

国际干散货运输市场的非“完全竞争”

本文主要以经济学上完全竞争的四个基本假定为主线,从国际干散货运输市场已不能完全符合这4个假定来论述国际干散货运输市场的非“完全竞争”。     

河口海区开挖航道后三维潮流盐度泥沙数值模拟

利用坐标变换法建立了三维潮流盐度泥沙数值模拟 ,解决了复杂边界的处理问题 ,并应用于伶仃洋航道的整治研究中 ,取得了满意的结果。航道中的含沙量、盐度分布与现场实测很吻合 ,模拟计算得出的航道一期工程开挖后的淤积量与现场实测结果十分接近。     

Estimating salinity to complement observed temperature: 2.Northwestern Atlantic

This paper addresses the problem of estimating salinity for a large region in the Atlantic Ocean containing the Gulf Stream and its recirculation. Together with Part 1 [Thacker, W.C., 2007-this issue. Estimating salinity to complement observed temperature: 1. Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Marine Systems. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.06.008.] dealing with the Gulf of Mexico, this reports on the first efforts of a project for developing world-wide capability for estimating salinity to complement expendable-bathythermograph (XBT) data. Such estimates are particularly important for this region, where the strong frontal contrasts render the task of assimilating XBT data into numerical models more sensitive to the treatment of salinity.Differences in salinity's co-variability with temperature and with longitude, latitude, and day-of-year from the northwestern part of the region with the Gulf Stream to the southeastern part more characteristic of the Sargasso sea suggested that the region be partitioned to achieve more accurate salinity estimates. In general, accuracies were better in the southeastern sub-region than in the more highly variable northwestern sub-region with root-mean-square estimation errors of 0.15 psu at 25 dbar and 0.02 psu at 300 dbar as compared with 0.35 psu and 0.50 psu, respectively, but in the southeast there was an unexpected error maximum around 1000 dbar where estimates were slightly less accurate than in the northwest. For pressures greater than 1400 dbar root-mean-square errors in both sub-regions were less than 0.02 psu.