低干舷隐身船波浪中纵向运动的模型试验及理论研究

低干舷隐身船由于采用低于舷和内倾设计,容易引起甲板上浪和非线性水动力,因而其耐波性能与传统直壁船型差别较大.文中通过模型试验和理论计算的方法,对低干舷隐身船在顶浪时规则波和不规则波中的纵向运动响应开展了研究.理论方法包括S.T.F.线性切片法和非线性时域方法,并且在时域计算中考虑了船体湿表面变化和甲板上浪对纵向运动的影响.研究表明,隐身船在波浪中的纵向运动存在明显的非线性现象,船舷内倾是导致船体纵向运动非线性的主要因素,采用非线性时域方法可以较好地预报低干舷隐身船型在波浪中的纵向运动.     

横浪中液舱晃荡与养殖工船耦合运动

多液舱养殖工船需长时间系泊在深远海区域,载液率极高,所处海况复杂,对其开展耐波性研究尤为重要.基于黏性流理论,以Stokes 5阶波模拟实际规则波,借助VOF方法捕捉自由液面,采用重叠网格技术实现船体的自由运动,通过数值计算研究实尺度下液舱对不同频率横浪中工船运动响应的影响.计算结果表明,液舱晃荡对船体运动的影响随海况变化,当船体横摇运动2阶频率与液舱固有频率相近时会产生共振,液舱晃荡周期随之改变,从而使船体的横摇运动幅度增大近30％.此外,当船体两侧都布置液舱时,横浪中迎浪侧的液舱晃荡较背浪侧更为剧烈,其垂向受力幅值变化范围约为后者的3倍.     

甲板上浪问题的二维数值模拟

以连续性方程和N-S方程为控制方程,采用源造波理论和技术,建立了具有造波和消波功能的二维数值波浪水槽,并使用VOF方法追踪自由面来模拟二维情况下的甲板上浪问题.文中就迎浪状态下的固定FPSO和横浪状态下的运动船体断面模型所遭遇的甲板上浪现象分别进行了数值模拟研究.船体的运动规律通过势流理论计算结果给定,在上浪现象模拟计算时,船体的运动采用移动网格技术实现.研究表明,计算结果与试验结果相当吻合,该方法可以用于甲板上浪现象的预报和模拟,可以用于分析预报甲板上浪对浮体的破坏作用.     

斜浪长峰不规则波中船舶复原力变化计算

基于切片理论,先求解出船舶无横倾时在斜浪长峰不规则波中的垂荡和纵摇运动,确定出波面与船体的相对位置,再利用三个坐标系之间的转换关系,提出了任意斜浪长峰不规则波中船体各横剖面左右舷与波面一组或多组交点的求法及各浸水剖面面积的通用计算法;同时基于规则波复原力计算公式,提出了Froude-Krylov假说下的斜浪长峰不规则波中复原力计算公式。最后以一艘集装箱船为例,研究了其在斜浪不规则波中复原力变化,计算结果表明船-波相对位置是影响斜浪长峰不规则波中复原力变化的一个至关重要因素。     

KCS迎浪中耐波性的CFD数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件STAR-CCM,对国际集装箱标模KCS在迎浪规则波中的运动响应和波浪增阻等主要耐波性能进行数值计算。采用动态重叠网格处理船体运动,同时利用VOF方法模拟自由面波形演化情况。计算结果显示:动态重叠网格具有较强的适应性,能较好地处理船体的大幅运动,计算得到的船体运动幅值能与试验结果相一致,静水和波浪中的阻力计算结果与试验结果能较好地吻合;从自由面波形方面看,KCS船体兴波与来波存在较强的相互干扰,当波峰撞击船首时,波面起伏较大,数值计算能较好地模拟这些流动现象。     

漂移运动对横浪中船体横摇的影响

实验论述船体在激烈规则横浪中漂移运动对横摇的影响。船体运动测量结果表明，用线性切片法预估的有无舭龙骨船体的横摇运动，即使通过实验获得精确的横摇阻尼，在高波下也估计得过高。这说明，由于高频高波造成的高速漂移运动导致了横摇阻尼的增加和作用于船体上的波浪扰动力矩的减少，以及遭遇频率的变化，为精确估算高波横浪下的横摇运动，应求出波浪-频率-横摇运动和稳定漂移运动耦合方程。     

高速三体船波浪中运动与增阻CFD计算研究

基于数值波浪水池技术,对波浪中高速三体船运动及增阻进行CFD计算研究。控制方程—RANS方程和连续性方程使用有限体积法离散,非线性自由面采用VOF方法处理;在入口边界模拟柔性造波板运动产生入射波,使用位于波浪水池尾部的人工阻尼区消波。首先对规则波顶浪中单个主船体的运动和增阻进行了计算,并与高速细长体理论计算结果进行了比较;随后进行了三体船运动和增阻计算,分析了侧片体对主船体阻力增加的影响。为高速三体船耐波性研究提供了数值工具。     

基于CFD的船舶不同浪向下运动及增阻数值分析

为分析波浪对船舶快速性和耐波性的影响,必须对波浪中航行的船舶阻力增值进行准确预报。本文基于计算流体力学软件FINE/Marine建立了Wigley船模的数值模型,对不同规则波波长下的船体运动和波浪增阻进行了计算,并与试验结果进行对比,验证了数值模型的可行性与准确性。同时计算分析了船舶在规则波中航行时的波浪增阻与浪向之间的变化关系。通过研究发现：随着浪向角的增大船舶波浪增阻逐渐增加,在60°浪向角时波浪增阻达到最大值,浪向角对波浪增阻的影响较大。本文的研究方法可用于船舶有航速下的不同浪向波浪增阻的数值预报。     

基于直接计算的三体船结构疲劳强度影响因素分析

[目的]针对三体船连接桥部位的疲劳强度问题,[方法]以某型三体船为例,采用三维线性势流理论计算规则波中的船体运动及外部水动压力分布,通过全船有限元分析得到不同浪向角规则波中各热点的应力传递函数,基于线性累积损伤理论,运用谱分析的直接计算法进行各热点的疲劳累积损伤计算,并探讨不同海域、浪向时间分配等影响因素对疲劳损伤的影响。[结果]结果表明,采用中、近海海况并考虑浪向时间分配时疲劳损伤较大。[结论]所得结论对三体船的研发设计具有参考意义。     

不同附体对穿浪双体船阻力和耐波性影响研究

为了评估目前国际上穿浪双体船航行控制系统常采用的控制面即不同附体对穿浪双体船阻力和耐波性的影响,对某穿浪双体船进行不同附体阻力和耐波性模型试验研究。通过在穿浪双体船尾部安装水平尾板、垂直尾板或鳍,首部安装倒T型翼3种不同组合附体形式,进行静水阻力和规则波耐波性试验。试验结果表明:不同附体组合均可以不同程度减小船体阻力和船舶运动,其中垂直尾板与倒T型翼组合减阻效果最佳,鳍与倒T型翼减小船舶运动效果最明显。     

Dynamics of ships running aground

A comprehensive dynamic model is presented for analysis of the transient loads and responses of the hull girder of ships running aground on relatively plane sand, gravel, or rock sea bottoms. Depending on the seabed soil characteristics and the geometry of the ship bow, the bow will plow into the seabed to some extent. The soil forces are determined by a mathematical model based on a theory for frictional soils in rupture and dynamic equilibrium of the fluid phase in the saturated soil. The hydrodynamic pressure forces acting on the decelerated ship hull are determined by taking into account the effect of shallow water. Hydrodynamic memory effects on the transient hull motions are modeled by application of an impulse response technique. The ship hull is modeled as an elastic beam to determine the structural response in the form of flexural and longitudinal stress waves caused by the transient ground reaction and hydrodynamic forces. A number of numerical analysis results are presented for a VLCC running aground. The results include bow trajectory in the seabed, time variation of the grounding force, and the maximum values of the sectional shear forces and bending moments in the hull girder.     

Numerical and experimental analysis of bow flare slamming on a Ro–Ro vessel in regular oblique waves

A method for the prediction of slamming loads on ship hulls is presented and validated for a 20-knot, 120-m car carrier. A nonlinear strip theory is used to calculate the relative motions of ship and wave. The relative vertical and roll velocities for a slamming event are given as input to the slamming calculation program, which is based on a generalized two-dimensional Wagner formulation and solved by the boundary element method. The method is fast and robust. Model tests of a car carrier have been carried out in regular head, bow, and bow quartering waves of various heights. Slamming on two panels in the upper part of the bow flare has been studied. It has been found that the water pile-up around the bow due to the forward speed of the vessel significantly increases the slamming pressures. A simplified way of including this effect is presented. When the calculated slamming pressures are corrected for 3D effects, they compare well with the measured data. Since the effect of the wave elevation due to the forward speed and the effect of three-dimensional flow act in opposite directions, excluding both of them produced results that also agreed quite well with the experiments, especially for the most severe slamming events.     

波浪中航行两船模池壁干扰效应的数值研究

对规则波中顶浪并行航行的两船模,基于频域移动脉动源格林函数建立了有效表达池壁效应的三维数学模型,该模型采用分布源积分方法求解近距航行两船模的波浪作用力和运动响应,并利用镜像原理将水池格林函数表示为开阔水域的格林函数和由镜像点源组成的无穷级数.分析移动脉动源格林函数的远场传播模态及其特性可知,当τ>0.272(τ为斯特劳哈尔数)时各传播波模态均不在点源的上游出现,故此时点源波系的影响范围可由环形—扇形波的半楔角确定,在此基础上计及船模辐射—绕射波的池壁反射作用对自身和另一船模的干扰,依据船型要素、水池宽度和两船相对位置,采用六个几何临界半楔角表征船体的辐射—绕射波,提出了并行航行两船模的池壁效应判别方法.数值研究表明:不同镜像次数下水池格林函数的数值差异主要体现在距船艏较远处,在兼顾计算精度与效率的原则下可选取有限项级数的水池格林函数作为积分内核,而池壁效应对近距航行两船运动响应的影响主要体现在长波区.     

New insight into the wave-induced nonlinear vertical load effects of ultra-large container ships based on experiments

Accurate estimation of the wave-induced extreme hogging vertical bending moment (VBM) is of vital importance for the design of container ships because container ships are normally under hogging conditions in still water. According to the empirical formulas proposed by the classification society rules, the design hogging VBM can be approximately 20 % smaller than the design sagging VBM for vessels with small block coefficients. High-order harmonic components in the vertical load effects, which are induced by the nonlinearities in the hydrodynamic forces and ship hull geometry, contribute to the asymmetry. Previous studies have shown that the nonlinear hydrostatic and Froude–Krylov forces increase the sagging VBM significantly. Current numerical tools are able to reveal this asymmetry to a certain extent. There is, however, little focus on the nonlinear pressure under the bow bottom, which is a more likely contributor to the hogging VBM. Several unexpected phenomena have been observed for large container ships. The wave-frequency sagging and hogging VBMs followed each other closely, and hence did not reflect the significant nonlinear factors as expected. In this paper, the test data of two (8600-TEU and 13000-TEU) ultra-large containership models in both regular and irregular head waves are systematically studied. In regular waves, the influence of the second and third harmonics on the fundamental hogging peaks and sagging troughs is estimated by comparing both the amplitude and phase difference relative to the first harmonic peaks. In irregular waves, the focus is on the statistical characteristics of the wave-induced nonlinear vertical load effects. To achieve a balance between results in regular and irregular waves, the influence of the second harmonics is evaluated through bispectral analysis.     

Experimental study on the nonlinear pressure acting on a high-speed vessel in regular waves

It is well known that the hydrodynamic responses of a high-speed vessel traveling in regular head waves of even moderate wave height can show significant nonlinear behavior, and so linear statistical techniques become insufficient for predicting the statistics of responses in irregular waves. On the other hand, it has been shown that an approximate third-order Volterra model is applicable to handling the statistics of some nonlinear seakeeping problems, such as motions and vertical hull girder loads. In the present study, the focus is on the nonlinear behavior of the pressure responses of the hull surface, especially on the pressures acting on alternately wet and dry areas near the waterline and on the bow zone with high deadrise angles that may be subject to slight impact and water pile-up effects. To clarify the validity of applying Volterra modeling to this problem, a series of experiments in regular and irregular head waves were carried out, and approximate third-order and fifth-order Volterra models with the proposed algorithm for finding frequency response functions (FRFs) were applied as a means of validation. In the present article, the first part of the validation was performed using experimental data in regular waves. It was confirmed that the third-order Volterra model has adequate accuracy to simulate deterministically the variation of pressure responses in regular waves of different wave steepness up to a wave amplitude to wavelength ratio of 0.01 even for the highly nonlinear pressures acting on the above-mentioned areas of the hull surface.     

系泊多浮体系统流固耦合和浮体间耦合动力分析

利用多刚体力学运动学方法进行系统铁数学描述。以系统摇荡时各浮体质心位移和浮体角位移表达广义速率。进而表达出有关偏速度、偏角速度、加速度和角加速度。单个系泊浮体在规则波作用下，所受的流体动压力用势流理论计算。多浮体系统摇荡时除入射规则波外，每一浮体的摇荡辐射波对其他浮体也构成了入射波并作用以流体动压力。表达出系统的广义主动力和广义惯性力后代入Kane方程，补充以浮体间的运动约束方程，消去时间因子后得到求解各浮体质心位移和浮体角位移的复数线性代数方程组。     

船首外伸对规则波顶浪航行上水量的影响分析（英文）

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation dealing with the effect of bow overhang extensions on the quantity of shipping water over the foredeck in case of ships advancing in regular head waves. To perform this investigation, a series of free-running tests was conducted in regular waves using an experimental model of a multipurpose cargo ship to quantify the amount of shipping water. The tests were performed on five bow overhang variants with several combinations of wavelength and ship speed conditions. It was observed that the quantity of shipping water was affected by some parameters such as wavelength, ship speed, and bow shape in terms of an overhang extension. The results show the significant influence of an overhang extension, which is associated with the bow flare shape, on the occurrence of water shipping. These results involve the combined incoming regular waves and model speed.     

Effect of ship bow overhang on water shipping for ship advancing in regular head waves

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation dealing with the effect of bow overhang extensions on the quantity of shipping water over the foredeck in case of ships advancing in regular head waves. To perform this investigation, a series of free-running tests was conducted in regular waves using an experimental model of a multipurpose cargo ship to quantify the amount of shipping water. The tests were performed on five bow overhang variants with several combinations of wavelength and ship speed conditions. It was observed that the quantity of shipping water was affected by some parameters such as wavelength, ship speed, and bow shape in terms of an overhang extension. The results show the significant influence of an overhang extension, which is associated with the bow flare shape, on the occurrence of water shipping. These results involve the combined incoming regular waves and model speed.     

Experimental study on the nonlinear pressure acting on a high-speed vessel in irregular waves

The present study focuses on the nonlinear behavior of pressure on the hull surface of a high-speed vessel in irregular waves, particularly the pressure responses of alternately wet and dry areas near the waterline and on the bow zone. The vessel has high deadrise angles that may be subject to slight impact and water pile-up effects. A series of experiments in regular and irregular head waves were conducted, and the validity of applying Volterra modeling was investigated. In a previous article using experimental data in regular waves, it was confirmed that the approximate third-order Volterra model adequately simulated the variation of pressure responses in regular waves of different steepness up to a wave amplitude with a wavelength ratio of 0.01, even for the highly nonlinear pressures acting on the abovementioned areas of the hull surface. In this article, further validation for the second part of the study was obtained using experimental data in irregular waves. The frequency response functions obtained from the previous study’s experimental data in regular waves were applied to the third-order Volterra model by combining the input of irregular waves to simulate the responses in irregular waves of sea state five. Then, the spectra and statistics were analyzed. For the motions, accelerations, and pressure responses in irregular waves (as well as for the simulated time histories) variance spectra and statistics such as cumulative distributions of peak values and probability density functions were compared with the experimental results. It was confirmed that even for highly nonlinear and non-Gaussian pressures on the abovementioned areas of the hull surface, the approximate third-order Volterra model simulates the pressure responses in irregular head waves up to a sea state of five with adequate accuracy on deterministic and statistical bases.     

船体在波浪中的非线性水动压力

本文提出了一个预报船体在波浪中大幅运动时非线性水动压力场的二维时域理论。船体扰动势用时域自由面格林函数和在入射波下的瞬时湿表面上的分布源求解；与非线性水动压力场相匹配的船体运动用差分法求得。为提高计算效率和避免数值过程发散，采用了改进的数值模型和方案。通过线性理论计算与模型试验结果的比较，指出了线性切片理论在预报水动压力场时的不足，水动压力与波高的非线性关系及正负水动压力沿船体表面的分布在Wigley船的计算比较中得到了说明。初步计算表明，该理论的实用化发展前景是令有鼓舞的。相应的计算机程序可在PC机上运行。