A differential evolution approach for the vehicle routing problem with backhauls and time windows

This paper presents a differential evolution algorithm (DEA) to solve a vehicle routing problem with backhauls and time windows (VRPBTW) and applied for a catering firm. VRPBTW is an extension of the vehicle routing problem, which includes capacity and time window constraints. In this problem, customers are divided into two subsets: linehaul and backhaul. Each vehicle starts from a depot and goods are delivered from the depot to the linehaul customers. Goods are subsequently brought back to the depot from the backhaul customers. The objective is to minimize the total distance that satisfies all of the constraints. The problem is formulated using mixed integer programming and solved using DEA. Proposed algorithm is tested with several benchmark problems to demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm and results show that our proposed algorithm can find superior solutions for most of the problems in comparison with the best known solutions. Hence, DEA was carried out for catering firm to minimize total transportation costs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wave energy assessments in the Black Sea

The present work aims to evaluate the wave energy resources in the Black Sea basin. The study is focused on the western part of the sea, which is traditionally considered as being more energetic. In order to give a first perspective of the wave climate, a medium-term wave analysis was carried out using in situ measured data. As a further step, a wave prediction system was implemented for the Black Sea. This was based on the simulating waves near-shore model, which is used for both wave generation and near-shore transformation. This methodology has the advantage that a single model covers the full scale of the modelling process. Various tests were performed considering data measured at three different locations. Special attention was paid to the whitecapping process, which is still widely considered to be the weak link in deep water wave modelling. Comparisons carried out against measured data show that the wave prediction system generally provides reliable results, especially in terms of significant wave heights and mean periods. By increasing the resolution in geographical space, the field distributions of wave energy were analysed for both high and average wave conditions. The analysis and the wave prediction system developed are a prerequisite for further investigations extended in time and with increased resolution in the near-shore direction.     

Superpave技术应用于醴茶高速公路沥青路面的可行性分析

在介绍Superpave技术和分析马歇尔设计方法存在问题的基础上,分析了Superpave技术应用醴茶高速公路沥青路面的可行性。应用Superpave理念对醴茶高速路面结构进行了优化,对比了优化方案的经济性,同时对Superpave的施工要点进行分析,以保证Superpave技术在施工中能够得到良好实现。     

Improvement of the volume-delay function by incorporating the impact of trucks on traffic flow

In current transportation modelling, travel time is the most important factor in decisions regarding transport modes, destinations and routes. The calculation of travel time is deployed by volume-delay functions (VDFs), a sub-model of route assignment procedure, using the correlation between increasing numbers of vehicles on a road and the road's restrictive capacity. By investigating existing VDFs, a clear gap is seen, demonstrating that current functions are not suited to reflect the empirically known large impact of trucks on passenger car travel times. This issue becomes crucial when transport models are used to reflect future scenarios where goods transportation is expected to increase greatly, and when transport models combine passenger and commercial traffic. This paper presents a new VDF which successfully includes trucks’ impact on traffic flow in the case of Germany and, with slight deviations, for North America. The function is developed using ideal-type data for German motorways. The differences between German and US data and their implications for VDFs are also discussed.     

Potential of Real-Time Cylinder Pressure Analysis by Using Field Programmable Gate Arrays

In this paper, a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) was used to implement a real-time cylinder pressure analysis. The goal of the project was to improve the accuracy of calculated heat release and center of combustion calculations to enhance the precision of engine control functions. Compared to today’s real-time pressure analysis systems, several additional physical effects were taken into account for this objective. The wall heat transfer was calculated based on the approach published by Hohenberg. A chemical equilibrium with six substances was assumed for the mixture composition and a real-time calculation method was developed. Furthermore, a two-zone model was adapted and implemented for this realtime analysis. The validation of the results and the rating of the improvement in precision were based on GT-SUITE simulation results as an offline reference tool. Compared to state-of-the-art analysis systems, it was possible to reduce the average error of the center of combustion position from 1.6° to 0.5° crank angle (CA) by taking the investigated effects into account. Moreover, it was possible to significantly reduce the time required for the calculation from one complete combustion cycle to 0.2°CA at an engine speed of 3,000 rpm by using a continuous calculation method on the FPGA. This led to an additional improvement of the ability to control the engine, especially under highly dynamic operation conditions.     

基于玻璃纤维锚杆微应变测试的软岩隧道松动圈测试技术及应用

为解决软弱破碎围岩地层隧道松动圈测试的难题,分析现有松动圈测试技术现状,以全长黏结型玻纤锚杆为载体,提出一种适用于破碎软岩隧道的围岩松动圈测试技术。该测试技术以锚杆微应变变化趋势为基础,结合锚杆中性点理论,可大致确定围岩松动圈范围。将该技术应用在大（理）临（沧）铁路杏子山隧道破碎炭质板岩大变形地段进行验证,结果表明： 全长黏结型玻璃纤维锚杆在松动区可与软弱破碎围岩有效协调变形,锚杆微应变变化趋势与中性点理论相符,采用锚杆微应变变化趋势表征围岩松动圈范围合理可行。同时该技术测试精度可通过调整沿锚杆长度粘贴应变片的密度来控制,有效弥补传统物探松动圈测试技术对岩体要求高的问题,在软弱破碎围岩地层中具有较好的操作性和适用性。     

Physical processes in wheel–rail contact and its implications on vehicle–track interaction

Friction within the wheel–rail contact highly influences all aspects of vehicle–track interaction. Models describing this frictional behaviour are of high relevance, for example, for reliable predictions on drive train dynamics. It has been shown by experiments, that the friction at a certain position on rail is not describable by only one number for the coefficient of friction. Beside the contact conditions (existence of liquids, solid third bodies, etc.) the vehicle speed, normal loading and contact geometry are further influencing factors. State-of-the-art models are not able to account for this sufficiently. Thus, an Extended-Creep-Force-Model was developed taking into account effects from third body layers. This model is able to describe all considered effects. In this way, a significant improvement of the prediction quality with respect to all aspects of vehicle–track interaction is expected.     

从凸缘连接到对焊接头的飞跃:应用于汽车制造业的激光器

如果将对焊接头取代于横梁、底座和管道的凸缘和搭接接头以及其他车身上结构件的焊接,能节省多少材料、重量和燃料?当粘合车门钣金件和汽车框架的密封胶水重量包含在总重量中,这个问题就非常值得一提。而这个问题取决于零部件。如果不再使用凸缘搭接,减少的重量能高达几公斤,同时也能节省每部分的安装空间,约高达8～16mm。搭接凸缘设计是两项极具现代车身制造特色的发明逐渐成熟的产物。第一项是诞生于1877年的电阻焊,它是快速、高效和实用的焊接加工方法。第二项是1 954年应     

高职院校"形势与政策"课规范化和制度化建设的初探

《形势与政策》课是高校思想政治理论课的重要组成部分，是每一位大学生的必修课。因此要以规范化制度化建设为重点，加强形势与政策课教学管理。将教学任务编入教学计划是《形势与政策》课规范化制度化建设的基础。加强和提高师资队伍水平是《形势与政策》课规范化制度化建设的关键。开展教学改革是《形势与政策》课规范化制度化建设的生命。     

THE EUKARYOTIC EXPRESSION OF HUMAN PERFORIN PROTEIN AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF HYBRIDOMAS PRODUCING ANTI-HUMAN PERFORIN PROTEIN

Perforin is expressed mainly in activated cyto-toxic T lymphocytes (CTLs ) and natural killer(NK) cells. The human perforin gene has beencloned. The full length of its cDNA is l668bp, andthe mature HP protein is made up of 534 aminoacid residues with a molecular weight of 66Kd~75Kd. In CTLs and NK cells, perforin is stored incytoplasmic granules and is a major effector of cy-tolysis by these cells. Upon granules releasing,perforin monomers insert into the plasma mem-branes of target ce…