The role of professional associations in shipping

This article is in three parts. The first covers the historical development of qualifying associations. The second covers the particular role of maritime institutions that include The Royal Institution of Naval Architects, The Institute of Marine Engineering Science and Technology and The Nautical Institute. The third and final section considers the future for maritime professional associations in the context of international shipping.     

京沪铁路电气化工程接触网系统提速技术

京沪铁路电气化工程是我国铁路第六次大提速的重点工程。该工程要满足行车200km/h,达到高可靠、少维修的要求,采取提高接触网系统稳定性和电气连接性能、改善弓网关系、回流、接地及防雷等多项措施,应用预绞丝、化学锚栓、弹性补偿器等新技术,使京沪铁路电气化提速工程达到我国领先水平。     

电子设备结构设计的维修性

阐述了电子设备结构设计维修性的基本概念，提出了本质维修性的新观点，强调了它对电子设备结构设计的重要性，详细介绍了提高电子没备结构维修性的基本原则和一般内容，讨论了模块化设计。     

市政道路排水系统简介及其施工方法

简单地介绍了市政道路的排水系统并详细地介绍了道路施工经常接触的排水部位的施工方法及质量问题的原因分析、控制措施。     

孕妇外周血PCR技术用于胎儿产前性别诊断的可靠性分析

采用多聚酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术，以Ｙ染色体特异重复序列Ｙ１．１、Ｙ１．２和ＳＲＹ基因编码区Ｐ１、Ｐ２为引物，分析了用孕妇外周血进行胎儿性别诊断的可靠性，并与绒毛样本进行了对比。结果表明：用孕妇外周血时，Ｙ１．１，Ｙ１．２引物的诊断符合率为７５％；Ｐ１、Ｐ２引物不能扩增出Ｙ特异ＤＮＡ序列。而用绒毛样本时，两种引物的诊断符合率均为１００％。结果提示：孕妇外周血ＰＣＲ技术用于胎儿性别诊断尚有待改进，而采用绒毛样本进行胎儿性别诊断更为可靠。     

Radial bus networks with multi-period and many-to-many demand

Mathematical models are developed for optimizing radial bus networks with time dependent demand and supply characteristics. These models can deal with many-to-many demand distribution in heterogeneous rather than idealized geographic environments. With some approximations, closed-form solutions for the optimal route angle, headways for different time periods, and stop spacings for various locations are obtained for a total cost minimization objective. The relations between the decision variables and system parameters are identified analytically. The optimality of a constant ratio between headways and route angle is found to hold with a time related factor. The optimized wait cost, operator cost, and lateral access cost are found to be equal. A numerical example is given for a case with three service periods. It illustrates the applicability of the analytic model to irregular demand patterns that may be directionally imbalanced during some periods.     

Virtual prototype simulation on underwater hydraulic impingement shovel

The virtual prototype technology is applied to the design of the hydraulic impingement shovel, which is to increase the reliability of the design. The work principle of hydraulic impingement shovel is expatiated, and its dynamic equations are established. The 3D model of virtual prototype is built by PRO/E. Then the couple between the mechanical body of prototype and the hydraulic system is completed by virtue of ADAMS. Finally, the simulation is made on the virtual prototype. The simulation results show that the design of underwater hydraulic impingement shovel is rational. The virtual prototype technology could lay sound foundation of successful manufacturing of physical prototype for the first time and offer highly effective and feasible means for the design and production of underwater equipments.     

A review of the Effect of α/W ratio on fracture toughness （Ⅱ） experimental investigation in LEFM

In part I of this series, experimental investigation in EPFM （elastic-plastic fracture mechanics） had been discussed. In this paper, experimental investigation in LEFM （ linear elastic fracture mechanics） is given. Fracture toughness tests had been carried out on three different strength steels, using both through-cracked specimens with different α/W ratio and semi-elliptical cracked specimens with variable crack size and shape. Results show that the fracture toughness KIC increases with decreasing α/W when α/W 〈 0.3 for three-point-bend specimens, and that for α/W 〉 0.3, it is independent of α/W. Shallow crack specimens, both through-cracked and surface-cracked, gave markedly higher values than deeply notched specimens. However, the effect of crack shape on fracture toughness is negligible. Results also show that the LEFM approach to fracture is not tenable for design stresses where αc is often very small, far less than 2.5 （ KIC/σy）^2.     

北京戒台寺滑坡形成的特殊地质条件

介绍了北京戒台寺滑坡区的工程地质条件,详尽阐述了戒台寺滑坡的成因与其特殊地质条件的关系,总结了戒台寺滑坡的特点,提出了滑坡治理方面的意见。     

GPS在城市测绘中的应用

此文简述了全球定位系统（GPS）的基本结构和测量原理，总结了GPS用于工程测量所具有的特点，介绍了GPS在城市测绘中的应用实例，并通过具体实例说明了GPS作为一种快速、高精度的现代测绘手段已经能够很好地应用于基础测量工作中。