Costs of air pollutants from shipping: a meta-regression analysis

ABSTRACT

This study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulphur dioxides (SO₂) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM_2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM_2.5 and lowest for NO_x. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM_2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism.     

一种ATS系统自动化测试工具的设计与实现

列车自动监控系统(ATS)是车载信号系统中的重要组成部分.本文提出一种ATS系统的非侵入式自动化测试工具,模拟测试人员真实测试的整个流程,可配置的测试脚本更具有灵活性,可以实现不同的测试需求;采用基于计算机视觉与光学字符识别的信息提取方式,使测试流程可以完全模拟真人测试;通过验证状态机的结果,简化了测试验证流程.该工具节省了测试过程中耗费的人力成本和时间成本,并在多条实际线路上进行了应用,验证了该工具的适用性和有效性.     

加氢站运营管理云服务平台的设计与实现

针对当前加氢站运营管理存在的人工依赖程度高、管理效率偏低、站内设备运行状态数据的分析与预测困难等不足,研发了数据采集软网关以解决现有站控系统对外接口单一、无法满足多站点并发通信需求的技术难点,设计了加氢站信息对象模型并开发了加氢站运营管理云服务平台,实现高效、快捷的站内设备管理与安全生产监管,保障加氢服务安全、可靠、高效地运行.     

Effects of perceived safety,involvement and perceived service quality on loyalty intention among ride-sourcing passengers

Transportation - Ride-sourcing services are increasingly popular since they were first introduced in the last decade. Particularly in developing countries where public transport systems have...     

海洋核动力平台全频段舱室噪声预报与降噪方案研究

随着新规范对船舶及海上工作平台提出了更高要求，舱室噪声的控制及优化设计越来越受到人们的关注。本文首先对全频段舱室噪声预报软件——VA One软件统计能量分析理论及软件概况进行了阐述，其次应用该软件对海洋核动力平台进行几何建模与仿真计算。通过对舱室仿真计算结果与标准指标要求的对比分析，在设计阶段提出了海洋核动力平台舱室空气噪声综合治理降噪方案，该措施可以缩短建造周期、降低制造成本，提高海洋核动力平台的舒适性与安全性，具有十分重要的经济效益和社会效益。     

特大桥防撞钢护栏伸缩缝处设计优化方案

国内特大桥防撞钢护栏在伸缩缝处设计往往采用横梁开槽用栓柱与立柱连接的方式，该设计方案虽然解决了梁段伸缩的问题但同时也带来了一些其它问题，如：开槽的横梁锈蚀问题无法解决，造成桥容桥貌较差；横梁滑动不对称，容易卡死；因护栏在此处有间隙抗撞能力较弱，事故风险程度增大，且被撞后易造成较大的责任风险。我们根据实践经验在嘉绍大桥上进行了改良和完善，采用一端固定一端滑动的搭接方式，并在滑动端底部增设四氟板，此设计方案避免了原设计存在的病害和弊端，且保证工程造价成本未大幅上升现象，文章提出的优化设计方案在特大桥伸缩缝处防撞护栏实际应用中取得良好效果，具有较好的推广意义。     

压力分散型预应力锚索施工技术

针对京福高速公路邵三段某合同段的复杂地形地质条件,阐述压力分散型预应力锚索施工工艺及关键技术、锚索差异荷载增量计算方法、质量检验及结果。