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71.
72.
H. Q. Yang S. J. Shuai Z. Wang J. X. Wang 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2013,14(1):19-27
A novel combustion concept namely “multiple premixed compression ignition” (MPCI) in gasoline direct injection compression ignition (GDICI) regime is proposed. Its predominant feature is the first premixed and followed quasipremixed combustion processes in a sequence of “spray-combustion-spray-combustion”. The multiple-stage premixed combustion decouples the pressure rise with pollutants formation process, which means the pressure rise rate and emissions can be reduced simultaneously, while achieving a high thermal efficiency. The gasoline MPCI mode has been demonstrated in a research engine with a compression ratio of 18.5. Gasoline with the research octane number (RON) of 94.4 was tested under 1400 rpm, 0.6 MPa IMEP conditions, without EGR and intake boosting. A parameter study of common rail pressure and intake temperature was implemented to investigate their effects on the performance of MPCI mode. Compared to the single-stage diffusion combustion in traditional diesel engines, the gasoline MPCI mode achieves lower emissions of soot, NO, CO, as well as slightly higher indicated efficiency, with a penalty of higher THC emissions when the common rail pressure is larger than 80 MPa in this study. With intake temperature sweeping, the gasoline MPCI mode also has the foregoing advantages compared to the diesel under the same operating conditions. 相似文献
73.
74.
Changes in the shelf macrobenthic community over large temporal and spatial scales in the Bohai Sea, China 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Over the past 20 years, the Bohai Sea has been subjected to a considerable human impact through over-fishing and pollution. Together with the influence of the Yellow River cut-off, the ecosystem experienced a dramatic change. In order to integrate available information to detect any change in macrobenthic community structure and diversity over space and time, data collected during the 1980s and the 1990s from 3 regions of the Bohai Sea (Laizhou Bay, 16 stations, 37–38°N, 119–120.5°E; central Bohai Sea, 25 stations, 38–39°N, 119–121°E; eastern Bohai Bay, 12 stations, 38–39°N, 118.5–119°E) were reanalyzed in a comparative way by means of a variety of statistical techniques. A considerable change in community structure between the 1980s and the 1990s and over the geographical regions at both the species and family level were revealed. After 10 years, there was a considerable increase in abundance of small polychaetes, bivalves and crustaceans but decreased number of echinoderms. Once abundant in Laizhou Bay in the 1980s, a large echinoderm Echinocardium cordatum and a small mussel Musculista senhousia almost disappeared from the surveying area in the 1990s. Coupled with the increased abundance was the increased species richness in general whereas evenness was getting lower in central Bohai Sea and Bohai Bay but increased in Laizhou Bay. K-dominance plot showed the same trend as evenness J′. After 10 years, the macrobenthic diversity in the Bohai Sea as a whole was slightly reduced and a diversity ranking of central Bohai Sea > Laizhou Bay > eastern Bohai Bay over space was also suggested. Sediment granulometry and organic content were the two major agents behind the observed changes. 相似文献
75.
X.A. Padin G. Navarro M. Gilcoto A.F. Rios F.F. Pérez 《Journal of Marine Systems》2009,75(1-2):280-289
An empirical algorithm has been developed to compute the sea surface CO2 fugacity (fCO2sw) in the Bay of Biscay from remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SSTRS) and chlorophyll a (chl aRS) retrieved from AVHRR and SeaWiFS sensors, respectively. Underway fCO2sw measurements recorded during 2003 were correlated with SSTRS and chl aRS data yielding a regression error of 0.1 ± 7.5 µatm (mean ± standard deviation). The spatial and temporal variability of air–sea fCO2 gradient (ΔfCO2) and air–sea CO2 flux (FCO2) was analyzed using remotely sensed images from September 1997 to December 2004. An average FCO2 of ? 1.9 ± 0.1 mol m? 2 yr? 1 characterized the Bay of Biscay as a CO2 sink that is suffering a significant long-term decrease of 0.08 ± 0.05 mol m? 2 yr? 2 in its capacity to store atmospheric CO2. The main parameter controlling the long-term variability of the CO2 uptake from the atmosphere was the air–sea CO2 transfer velocity (57%), followed by the SSTRS (10%) and the chl aRS (2%). 相似文献
76.
Decadal-scale variations of trophic levels at high trophic levels in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea ecosystem 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
A total of 2759 stomachs collected from a bottom trawl survey carried out by R/V “Bei Dou” in the Yellow Sea between 32°00 and 36°30N in autumn 2000 and spring 2001 were examined. The trophic levels (TL) of eight dominant fish species were calculated based on stomach contents, and trophic levels of 17 dominant species in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea reported in later 1950s and mid-1980s were estimated so as to be comparable. The results indicated that the mean trophic level at high trophic levels declined from 4.06 in 1959–1960 to 3.41 in 1998–1999, or 0.16–0.19·decade− 1 (mean 0.17·decade− 1) in the Bohai Sea, and from 3.61 in 1985–1986 to 3.40 in 2000–2001, or 0.14·decade− 1 in the Yellow Sea; all higher than global trend. The dominant species composition in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea changed, with the percentage of planktivorous species increases and piscivorous or omnivorous species decreases, and this was one of the main reasons for the decline in mean trophic level at high tropic levels. Another main reason was intraspecific changes in TL. Similarly, many factors caused decline of trophic levels in the dominant fish species in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. Firstly, TL of the same prey got lower, and anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) as prey was most representative. Secondly, TLs of diet composition getting lower resulted in not only decline of trophic levels but also changed feeding habits of some species, such as spotted velvetfish (Erisphex pottii) and Trichiurus muticus in the Yellow Sea. Thirdly, species size getting smaller also resulted in not only decline of trophic levels but also changed feeding habits of some species, such as Bambay duck (Harpodon nehereus) and largehead hairtail (Trichiurus haumela). Furthermore, fishing pressure and climate change may be interfering to cause fishing down the food web in the China coastal ocean. 相似文献
77.
锰粉加工工人心血管功能的调查研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
对 55 名锰粉加工工人和 56 名对照工人的调查结果显示,工人工作地点 Mn O2 浓度几何均值为 196 m g/m 3 (锰尘 017~22.24 m g/m 3 ),样品超标率 887% 。接触组头晕头痛、睡眠障碍、容易疲劳和记忆不良的主诉率明显高于对照组( P<005~001)。接触组和对照组的心电图异常、高血压和低舒张压检出率未见显著性差异,其心率、 P R间期、 Q R S波、收缩压和舒张压的均值比较也没有显著性差异。接触组心电图异常和低舒张压的 O R分别是 1.56(95% 可信区间为 070~3.50)和 2.08(95% 可信区间为 018~23.57)。 相似文献
78.
X. Kang S. Rakheja I. Stiharu 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2001,35(2):75-102
The directional response and roll stability characteristics of a partly filled tractor-semitrailer vehicle, equipped with various cross-section tanks, are investigated as functions of fill volume and steer inputs. The tank-vehicle combination is analytically modeled upon integrating a quasi-static roll plane model of a partly filled tank of generic cross-section with a three-dimensional directional dynamic model of a five-axle tractor-semitrailer vehicle, assuming constant forward speed. The vehicle model is analyzed for different cross-sections of partly filled tanks, including circular, modified-oval and two optimal cross-sections. The directional response characteristics of the vehicle are evaluated to study the influence of partial-fill condition, steering maneuver, and vehicle speed on the roll dynamic performance of the tank cross-section and the vehicle. A comparison of the response characteristics, in terms of variations in cargo c.g. shift and roll mass moment of inertia, roll angle, lateral acceleration and yaw rate of the trailer sprung mass, revealed that the optimal tank geometry yields considerably less variations in the cargo c.g. coordinates and can thus significantly enhance the directional response and roll stability characteristics of partly-filled tank vehicles. 相似文献
79.
The paper is to explore the relation between national economic development and the formulation of maritime policy. It collects and examines data from 30 maritime nations, and shows that maritime policy is determined by economic circumstance rather than the result of rational decision of policy makers. A general solution is produced for an optimum maritime policy under a given economic condition. The general solution can serve as a benchmark for future maritime policy making and research in general. 相似文献
80.
Mixed assembly line rebalancing: A binary integer approach applied to real world problems in the automotive industry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
F. S. Oliveira K. Vittori R. M. O. Russel X. L. Travassos 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2012,13(6):933-940
Industrial organizations have increasingly sought to optimize the resources needed for the manufacture of its products from the competition, in order to maintain their profit margins. The search for balance of resources and balanced distribution of tasks in various types of industrial environments is called balancing. When adjustments are made and adequacy of an assembly line that is already in operation, this process is called rebalancing. This paper presents a case study involving a problem of rebalancing of automotive assembly line in an environment of arbitrarily mixed models of products, also known as mix. The proposed procedure for solving the rebalancing in the company in question is based on Binary Integer Programming, in particular the branch and bound algorithm. For comparison, we used a heuristic method based on precedence diagrams for solving the rebalancing of lines. To evaluate the results obtained between the two procedures were used performance indicators such as number of workstations created, average load of work and level of unbalance. The proposed algorithm has resulted in significant improvements in the production line capacity. 相似文献