Influence of Governance Context on the Management Performance of Marine Protected Area Networks

In the Philippines, networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) are more complex than individual MPAs, primarily due to involvement of multiple governance units. Hence, there is a need to understand the influence of governance context of networks on management performance. We addressed this need indirectly by evaluating the participation of network members and the governance capacity of three MPA networks with varying sizes, histories, and compositions of local governments and constituencies. We defined participation as the involvement of local governments and other stakeholders in decision-making processes. We defined governance capacity as the ability to govern interactions of social, economic, and political processes and dynamics in a political unit. We used qualitative, semi-structured key informant interviews and focus group discussions to ascertain whether participation and governance capacity are influenced by network size, institutional arrangements, and social and political contexts. We found that the sizes of the MPA networks did not affect participation and governance capacity. Instead, participation and capacity were influenced by institutional arrangements and the socioeconomic and political contexts of the local governments involved. We found that less complicated network objectives and systems for engagement, more inclusive membership, better communication, incentive systems, and strong leadership enhanced participation and governance capacity.     

New routes on old railways: increasing rail’s mode share within the constraints of the existing railway network

This paper describes an integrated methodology for identifying potential ‘quick wins’ for mode shift from road to passenger rail transport. Firstly, a procedure for analysing rail’s relative competitiveness in the market for passenger transport between large urban areas is developed and then applied to a UK case study. The purpose of such analysis is to allow the identification of flows where rail is currently relatively uncompetitive (in terms of journey time in particular) and to assess the reasons for this poor performance, so that the issues which suppress rail use may be addressed. In parallel, a framework, methodology and tool for the assessment of existing and potential capacity (trains, seats, TEUs, etc.) is developed for both passenger and freight traffic, to identify and address network constraints. An illustrative example of the use of these demand and capacity assessment tools is then presented, with the tools used to identify and evaluate flows where rail demand is suppressed by poor service quality and where spare capacity exists which would allow the passenger rail service to be improved without requiring significant investments in infrastructure. The effects of such improvements on demand are predicted, and the cost implications of operating such additional services are discussed. The analysis suggests that there may be significant potential for increasing rail’s mode share by providing additional inter-urban services where rail currently offers an inferior service.     

Traffic control in over‐saturated conditions

This paper presents a review of traffic control as applied to congested or over‐saturated conditions. The paper begins with an introduction to traffic control in general, it then goes on to describe types of congestion, objectives for congestion control and some approaches to congestion control. Although the paper is mainly concerned with traffic signal control, other measures such as road pricing are described briefly.

More and more, traffic engineers have realized that existing traffic signals fail to perform satisfactorily under prolonged congestion or over‐saturated conditions. The paper identifies a number of theoretical studies which attempt to deal with such problems. It then describes the following traffic control systems, OPAC, PRODYN, SAGA, SCATS, SCOOT, STAUKO and UTOPIA, some more developed than others, and discusses their ability to deal with congestion. The paper presents the author's conclusions and recommendations for future research in the development of over‐saturation strategies.     

选择铁路方式出行的阻碍因素综述

研究表明,即使铁路出行是最具有成本效益的出行方式,许多出行者仍然会选择其他出行方式。这表明选择铁路出行方式存在一些与费用无关的阻碍因素。本文对有关这些阻碍因素重要性的文献进行了综述,这些研究主要来自英国,但也有一部分来自于其他国家。共确认了37种不同的阻碍因素,它们可以被划分为＂刚性因素＂、＂柔性因素＂与＂互补性因素＂。出行者通常不会只考虑其中的单一阻碍因素,而是将这些阻碍因素看成一个整体,由此使得对最重要阻碍因素的确认十分困难。很多情况下,对于某一出行者来说,所有存在的阻碍因素都需要在出行方式转移之前解决。在思考不同阻碍因素的相对重要性后,对克服它们并实现其他出行方式向铁路转移的最有效措施提出了建议。这涉及主要的交通政策,因为它能够为有限的可利用资金确定目标市场,从而影响出行行为并提高出行方式的可持续性。     

车辆-轨道相互作用研究方法的新进展

介绍了车辆-轨道相互作用研究方法方面所取得的新进展。     

Examination of relationships between urban form,household activities,and time allocation in the Atlanta Metropolitan Region

A substantial body of research is focused on understanding the relationships between socio-demographics, land-use characteristics, and mode specific attributes on travel mode choice and time-use patterns. Residential and commercial densities, inter-mixing of land uses, and route directness in conjunction with transportation performance characteristics interact to influence accessibility to destinations as well as time spent traveling and engaging in activities. This study uniquely examines the activity durations undertaken for out-of-home subsistence; maintenance, and discretionary activities. Also examined are total tour durations (summing all activity categories within a tour). Cross-sectional activities are obtained from household activity travel survey data from the Atlanta Metropolitan Region. Time durations allocated to weekdays and weekends are compared. The censoring and endogeneity between activity categories and within individuals are captured using multiple equations Tobit models.The analysis and modeling reveal that land-use characteristics such as net residential density and the number of commercial parcels within a kilometer of a residence are associated with differences in weekday and weekend time-use allocations. Household type and structure are significant predictors across the three activity categories, but not for overall travel times. Tour characteristics such as time-of-day and primary travel mode of the tours also affect traveler’s out-of-home activity-tour time-use patterns.     

疯狂的橡皮

西蒙戴维森是一位出生于新西兰的澳大利亚摄影师,对汽车情有独钟,自二十五岁涉足摄影艺术以来,就一直用摄影机记录当地的车文化和各种精彩刺激的赛车场景。在此,我们采访他关于对汽车的激情和正在进行中的摄影项目,即拍摄澳大利亚的狂飙赛事。     

THE NEURONS DOUBLE-LABELLED BY SEROTONIN AND GLUTAMATE-IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN

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Barriers to Passenger Rail Use: A Review of the Evidence

Research has shown that even when rail travel is the most cost-effective mode of transport for a particular journey, many travellers will still choose other modes. This indicates the existence of non-financial barriers to rail use, and this paper reviews the evidence on the importance of such barriers, focusing particularly on the UK but also considering research from other countries. A total of 37 distinct barriers were identified, and these can be divided into “hard”, “soft” and “complementary” factors. Travellers are unlikely to consider these barriers individually, viewing them instead as a package, which can make it difficult to identify which barriers are most significant. In many cases, all barriers which exist for a particular traveller will need to be addressed before mode shift occurs. After considering the relative importance of the different barriers, the paper concludes by making some suggestions as to the most effective ways in which these barriers can be overcome and mode shift to rail achieved. This has key implications for transport policy, as it can inform the targeting of the limited funds available to influence travel behaviour and increase the sustainability of travel patterns.