Wheel-rail contact models for vehicle system dynamics including multi-point contact

Advanced modelling of rail vehicle dynamics requires realistic solutions of contact problems for wheels and rails that are able to describe contact singularities, encountered for wheels and rails. The basic singularities demonstrate themselves as double and multiple contact patches. The solutions of the contact problems have to be known practically in each step of the numerical integration of the differential equations of the model. The existing fast, approximate methods of solution to achieve this goal have been outlined. One way to do this is to replace a multi-point contact by a set of ellipses. The other methods are based on so-called virtual penetration. They allow calculating the non-elliptical, multiple contact patches and creep forces online, during integration of the model. This allows nearly real-time simulations. The methods are valid and applicable for so-called quasi-Hertzian cases, when the contact conditions do not deviate much from the assumptions of the Hertz theory. It is believed that it is worthwhile to use them in other cases too.     

Fuzzy-logic applied to yaw moment control for vehicle stability

In this paper, we propose a new yaw moment control based on fuzzy logic to improve vehicle handling and stability. The advantages of fuzzy methods are their simplicity and their good performance in controlling non-linear systems. The developed controller generates the suitable yaw moment which is obtained from the difference of the brake forces between the front wheels so that the vehicle follows the target values of the yaw rate and the sideslip angle. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control method when the vehicle is subjected to different cornering steering manoeuvres such as change line and J-turn under different driving conditions (dry road and snow-covered).     

Dynamic stride length adaptation according to utility and personal space

Pedestrians adjust both speed and stride length when they navigate difficult situations such as tight corners or dense crowds. They try to avoid collisions and to preserve their personal space. State-of-the-art pedestrian motion models automatically reduce speed in dense crowds simply because there is no space where the pedestrians could go. The stride length and its correct adaptation, however, are rarely considered. This leads to artefacts that impact macroscopic observation parameters such as densities in front of bottlenecks and, through this, flow. Hence modelling stride adaptation is important to increase the predictive power of pedestrian models. To achieve this we reformulate the problem as an optimisation problem on a disk around the pedestrian. Each pedestrian seeks the position that is most attractive in a sense of balanced goals between the search for targets, the need for individual space and the need to keep a distance from obstacles. The need for space is modelled according to findings from psychology defining zones around a person that, when invaded, cause unease. The result is a fully automatic adjustment that allows calibration through meaningful social parameters and that gives visually natural results with an excellent fit to measured experimental data.     

地下工程注浆技术研究新进展

注浆是土木、水利和矿山等工程建设中重要的防渗和加固技术。文章基于国内外注浆技术研究文献,总结了水泥等颗粒性浆液的“渗滤效应”及“黏度时空变异性”等理论研究成果,论述了非水反应高聚物、CW环氧树脂和微生物菌液等注浆新材料的应用现状及发展前景,介绍了细观力学数值模拟研究的突破性进展,可为地下工程注浆技术发展提供借鉴和启发作用。     

Definition of wind blowers for vehicles testing at chassis-dyno facilities using a CFD approach

The need to increase measurement accuracy of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions in vehicles is forcing the market to develop chassis-dyno test cells that reproduce on-road conditions realistically.Air-cooling is key to vehicle performance. It is therefore critical that the design of a test cell guarantees realistic cooling of all vehicle components, as important errors in fuel consumption and emissions measurements may otherwise arise. In a test-room, a blower placed in front of the vehicle supplies the cooling air. While there are some guidelines in the literature for the selection of fans required for emissions measurements for standard driving cycles, the information for designing the air supply system for specific tests in other areas is scarce.New Real Driving Emissions (RDE) legislation will force manufacturers to perform on-road measurements of pollutants. This represents a significant challenge due to the variability of conditions coming from non-controlled parameters. In order to optimize vehicles, different tests are performed in cells equipped with a chassis-dyno where the on-road flow field around the vehicle is reproduced as closely as possible.This work provides some guidelines for the definition of the airflow supply system of chassis-dyno facilities for vehicle optimization tests, based on a CFD analysis of the flow characteristics around the vehicle. By comparison with the solution obtained for a vehicle in real road driving conditions, the exit section of the blower and the distance between the blower exit and the car that best reproduce realistic on-road flow conditions in a test room are determined.     

柴油机尾气处理液及应用

柴油车排放法规的升级带来选择性催化还原(SCR)技术大量应用,作为SCR技术中必备消耗品,柴油机尾气处理液用于还原氮氧化物,从而实现尾气净化。文章详细阐述了SCR技术应用背景,以及柴油机尾气处理液在SCR系统中的净化反应机理;列举了柴油机尾气处理液主要产品标准规范,以及代表性的ISO22241规范主要技术指标;最后介绍了柴油机尾气处理液在国内外应用情况并提出在国内发展建议。     

考虑螺旋桨体积力的水下机器人水动力特性仿真

为在初步设计时预测ROV的水动力性能,使用CFD技术进行分析,以ROV模型为例,最大程度地保留ROV内部的构件,使模型更加接近真实状况。分别计算ROV在不同工况下的阻力、不同漂角下的横向力和转艏力矩以及添加体积力模型之后的螺旋桨流场状况,很好地模拟出ROV周围的流场,并与已有的试验数据进行对比。结果验证了CFD水动力仿真的可行性和准确性,并还可预测ROV在螺旋桨作用下的进速等,对ROV设计具有实际的参考价值和指导意义。     

燃机动力学建模中复杂结构处理方法研究

提出了三种以动力学相似为基础的转子动力学建模关键技术,并以某型燃气轮机建模为例,对该关键技术进行了验证。利用三种方法,对该燃气轮机的动力学特性进行研究,并与整机试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,动力学分析的准确程度主要由模型决定,本文所提出的三种建模关键技术能够反映结构的真实特性,可用于具有类似结构的双转子系统。     

冲压机械振动对高铁桥梁及行车动力影响分析

高速铁路桥梁的平顺性和稳定性对运营列车的平稳性和安全性有很大影响。为研究冲压机械产生的外部振动激励对高铁桥梁的影响,首先通过对此机械引起的地面振动进行实测,并结合有限元分析软件,确定最大冲击荷载作用下产生的地面振动及传播至桥墩处的振动;然后通过建立列车-轨道-桥梁耦合动力学模型,将桥墩处的地面振动作为激励输入,分析列车以不同速度通过时车辆、桥梁动力学响应。结果表明:地面冲击振动有限元模型计算结果与实测结果基本相符,验证了模型的可靠性;地面振动对桥梁响应会产生一定的影响,距振源50 m处地面振动对桥梁所产生的影响较距振源80 m处(桥墩处)的大,但对运行车辆的影响很小;随着车速由250 km/h至350 km/h,车辆及桥梁各结构的动态响应均有所增大,但都未超出安全限值。因此,冲压机械冲击作用导致的地面振动对列车-轨道-桥梁系统动态服役性能影响非常有限。     

潜航体激发类开尔文内波的垂向数值纹影实验研究

运用垂向数值纹影实验技术(NSS_V),研究了潜航体模型在线性分层流体中激发内波的形态特征,测量了类开尔文V形内波的张角、航行方向内波波长 λx与内弗罗德数(Fr=U/DN)之间的关系.实验表明:V型内波张角随着弗罗德数增大而减小,在Fr=1附近出现一个异常缓变平台;波峰线相关波长 λx与弗罗德数呈线性关系:λx=8.57Fr+1.74.对比实验表明潜航体的指挥塔对三维内波流场影响主要表现为其体积效应及角区的湍流尾迹效应.