Towards a generic benchmarking platform for origin–destination flows estimation/updating algorithms: Design,demonstration and validation

Estimation/updating of Origin–Destination (OD) flows and other traffic state parameters is a classical, widely adopted procedure in transport engineering, both in off-line and in on-line contexts. Notwithstanding numerous approaches proposed in the literature, there is still room for considerable improvements, also leveraging the unprecedented opportunity offered by information and communication technologies and big data. A key issue relates to the unobservability of OD flows in real networks – except from closed highway systems – thus leading to inherent difficulties in measuring performance of OD flows estimation/updating methods and algorithms. Starting from these premises, the paper proposes a common evaluation and benchmarking framework, providing a synthetic test bed, which enables implementation and comparison of OD estimation/updating algorithms and methodologies under “standardized” conditions. The framework, implemented in a platform available to interested parties upon request, has been flexibly designed and allows comparing a variety of approaches under various settings and conditions. Specifically, the structure and the key features of the framework are presented, along with a detailed experimental design for the application of different dynamic OD flow estimation algorithms. By way of example, applications to both off-line/planning and on-line algorithms are presented, together with a demonstration of the extensibility of the presented framework to accommodate additional data sources.     

Railway reforms: do they influence operating efficiency?

This paper considers railway operations in 23 European countries during 1995–2001, where a series of reform initiatives were launched by the European Commission, and analyses whether these reform initiatives improved the efficiency of the railway systems. Efficiency is measured using Multi-directional Efficiency Analysis, which enables investigation of how railway reforms affect the inefficiencies of specific cost drivers. The main findings are that the reform initiatives generally improve technical efficiency but potentially differently for different cost drivers. Specifically, the paper provides empirical evidence that accounting separation is important for improving the efficiency in the use of both material and staff costs, whereas other reforms only influenced one of these factors.

结构分割转换工法在地下空间开发中的应用及设想

为了更加快速、安全、高效地完成城市地下空间开发，以结构分割转换工法（CC工法）为研究内容，从工法内涵、工程实践和应用推广3个角度展开研究。首先，基于ＣＣ工法的最新研究成果，从结构分割、建造方案及节点处理3个方面详细介绍CC工法的核心内容；然后，结合工程实践对该工法进行验证性研究，重点比较跨中设缝与柱顶设缝方案的优缺点，介绍该工程地下结构分割、转换的过程，最终证实CC工法建造地下空间的合理性、灵活性及适用性；最后，进行CC工法在富水地层中应用的可行性研究，通过对CC工法与明挖法、暗挖法、型钢混凝土、地面预制装配式结构等技术进行结合应用研究，得出在特定的工程条件下，CC工法也具有与其他先进工法结合应用的价值。     

天然气爆炸对盾构隧道的作用机制及工后修复

为了使爆炸灾害后的盾构管片得到合理的修复方案,以某地铁盾构施工过程中挖破天然气管道导致爆炸事故为背景,通过介绍爆炸的基本特性、冲击波的传播特点及火焰波的伴生关系,归纳在天然气爆炸过程中,爆炸火焰和冲击波是决定事故危害程度的2个主要因素,同时这些因素中最危险、破坏力最强、破坏区域最大的是冲击波的破坏效应。通过计算隧道内满布天然气时的TNT当量,以及采用拟静力法模拟管片内部的超压分布并计算得到管片的变形,与第三方检测数据中的管片变形指标进行耦合,证明模拟的准确性,为提出合理的区间修复方案提供依据,同时也为类似工程事故的处理和预案提供经验。     

盾构隧道管片接缝三元乙丙橡胶密封垫力学性能影响因素敏感度分析

为研究盾构隧道管片接缝三元乙丙橡胶密封垫力学性能的影响因素,首先,以实际工程为背景,采用自主设计的试验系统进行试验,并以此验证数值模型的可靠性; 然后,利用数值模型,采用正交分析方法,对密封垫断面参数(开孔形状、断面开槽数量、断面开孔率)、密封垫橡胶材料硬度、密封垫拼装姿态(张开量、错位量)进行六因素三水平的密封垫力学性能影响因素的敏感度分析; 最后,结合力学性能研究与防水性能预测需求,提出以闭合压缩力、密封垫接触应力分布作为分析指标。研究结果表明: 1)针对密封垫装配时所需的闭合压缩力,其影响因素主次顺序为张开量、断面开孔率、橡胶硬度、开槽数量、开孔形状、其他因素以及错位量; 2)密封垫接触应力分布的影响因素主次顺序为开孔形状、断面开孔率、错位量、其他因素、张开量、橡胶硬度、开槽数量。根据研究结果选取对密封垫力学性能影响较为显著的因素进行单因素分析,然后根据分析结果及橡胶垫密封垫防水性能预测方法, 提出背景工程管片接缝密封垫的优化方案。     

浅埋小间距矩形顶管掘进姿态控制技术探讨

为解决采用结构分割转换工法（CC工法）建造的某地下停车场小间距隧道群矩形顶管施工中顶管机出现栽头及掘进姿态控制困难的问题，结合项目施工过程的姿态监控数据，对产生栽头及姿态偏差的原因进行理论分析，提出相应的控制技术，并采取现场试验的方法进行效果验证。结果表明： 1）顶管机栽头现象的原因主要有顶管机体重心偏差、漏浆、姿态预留不够、后靠不稳； 2）通过设备和管节定位处理、洞门密封处理、增加始发姿态预留量、后靠稳定性控制等措施可有效防止顶管机栽头； 3）始发阶段采取洞门预留、破除等控制措施，掘进阶段控制掘进速度并辅以“E”型导向槽进行轴线控制等措施，可有效控制顶管机顶进姿态； 4）通过采取调整铰接油缸行程差、主推油缸行程差及姿态偏差方向的土压等姿态纠偏技术措施，取得了良好的施工效果。     

西安地铁隧道中隔墙加台阶法施工诱发的邻近桥桩变形及其控制措施

采用FLAC3D软件预测了地铁中隔墙加台阶法施工诱发的邻近桥桩变形规律,结果表明:桥桩最大水平变形和倾斜率均超出变形允许值,必须对既有桥桩采取加固措施才能确保其在地铁施工期间的安全使用。提出了采用袖阀管注浆技术控制桥桩变形的措施,并制定了现场监测方案。实测结果表明,加固措施能够确保桥桩变形在允许范围内,证明了提出的变形控制措施合理有效。     

Assessment of the volume of fluid method for free-surface wave flow

This study was concerned with the free-surface wave flow around a surface-piercing foil. The volume of fluid method implemented in a Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics code was employed. Three widely used discretization schemes for the volume of fluid method were assessed for a test case that involved general ship waves, spilling breaking waves in front of the leading edge, and bubbly free surfaces in separated regions. A single computational approach was selected for the comparison, and a grid-dependence study was carried out. The computational results were validated against existing experimental data, showing good agreement. The validation results suggest that all three discretization schemes perform well, but the best and most efficient results were obtained using the high-resolution interface capturing scheme.     

Numerical simulations of fatigue crack initiation and propagation based on re-tensile plastic zone generating load criterion for in-plane gusset welded joints

Many accidents are caused by fatigue in welded built-up steel structures, and so it is important to estimate the fatigue lives of such structures quantitatively for safety reasons. By assuming that fatigue cracks cannot grow without an accumulation of alternating tensile/compressional plastic strain, one of the authors identified an improved effective stress intensity factor range ΔK _RPG based on the re-tensile plastic zone generating (RPG) load, which represents the driving force for fatigue cracks, and suggested that ΔK _RPG should be used as the parameter to describe fatigue crack growth behavior. The “FLARP” numerical simulation code in which ΔK _RPG is implemented as the fatigue crack growth parameter, was developed in order to predict fatigue crack initiation and propagation behavior. In this paper, it is demonstrated that FLARP gives accurate estimates for fatigue life by comparing the estimated fatigue crack growth curves and S–N curves with the experimental results for in-plane gusset welded joints, which are used in many welded steel structures. Moreover, the effect of induced bending moment due to the linear misalignment in the out of plane direction on the fatigue strength of in-plane gusset welded joints is investigated through numerical simulations.     

EFFECT OF EPIMEDIUM FLAVONE TOTAL(EFT) ON THE IMMUNOFUNCTION OF EHRLICH ASCITES CANCER(EAC) BEARING MICE

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