Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication in a heterogeneous wireless network – Performance evaluation

Connected Vehicle Technology (CVT) requires wireless data transmission between vehicles (V2V), and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I). Evaluating the performance of different network options for V2V and V2I communication that ensure optimal utilization of resources is a prerequisite when designing and developing robust wireless networks for CVT applications. Though dedicated short range communication (DSRC) has been considered as the primary communication option for CVT safety applications, the use of other wireless technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE, WiMAX) allow longer range communications and throughput requirements that could not be supported by DSRC alone. Further, the use of other wireless technology potentially reduces the need for costly DSRC infrastructure. In this research, the authors evaluated the performance of Het-Net consisting of Wi-Fi, DSRC and LTE technologies for V2V and V2I communications. An application layer handoff method was developed to enable Het-Net communication for two CVT applications: traffic data collection, and forward collision warning. The handoff method ensures the optimal utilization of available communication options (i.e., eliminate the need of using multiple communication options at the same time) and corresponding backhaul communication infrastructure depending on the connected vehicle application requirements. Field studies conducted in this research demonstrated that the use of Het-Net broadened the range and coverage of V2V and V2I communications. The use of the application layer handoff technique to maintain seamless connectivity for CVT applications was also successfully demonstrated and can be adopted in future Het-Net supported connected vehicle applications. A long handoff time was observed when the application switches from LTE to Wi-Fi. The delay is largely due to the time required to activate the 802.11 link and the time required for the vehicle to associate with the RSU (i.e., access point). Modifying the application to implement a soft handoff where a new network is seamlessly connected before breaking from the existing network can greatly reduce (or eliminate) the interruption of network service observed by the application. However, the use of a Het-Net did not compromise the performance of the traffic data collection application as this application does not require very low latency, unlike connected vehicle safety applications. Field tests revealed that the handoff between networks in Het-Net required several seconds (i.e., higher than 200 ms required for safety applications). Thus, Het-Net could not be used to support safety applications that require communication latency less than 200 ms. However, Het-Net could provide additional/supplementary connectivity for safety applications to warn vehicles upstream to take proactive actions to avoid problem locations. To validate and establish the findings from field tests that included a limited number of connected vehicles, ns-3 simulation experiments with a larger number of connected vehicles were conducted involving a DSRC and LTE Het-Net scenario. The latency and packet delivery error trend obtained from ns-3 simulation were found to be similar to the field experiment results.     

安康枢纽回水变动区航道整治数学模型研究

安康枢纽回水变动区河段的通航水流条件既受上游石泉枢纽日调节影响,又受下游安康枢纽水库调度的影响。河道水流既有山区河流滩险水流特性,又有库区河道水流特点。同时,该河段为连续急流弯道段,研究难度大。文中采用平面二维水流数学模型的技术手段,研究回水变动区河段滩险整治工程方案。针对天然河道边界复杂等特点,研究采用正交贴体网格。在此基础上建立了平面二维水流数学模型。采用有限体积法对平面二维水流控制方程进行了离散。对安康枢纽回水变动区天然情况下的水位、比降及水流流速等进行了验证计算及分析,验证结果表明,所采用的数学模型和计算方法能够准确模拟枢纽回水变动区的水流运动特性。根据河段的河道特性、河床演变特点及碍航特点,提出了航道整治原则。在上述整治原则的基础上,对安康枢纽回水变动区河段滩险整治方案效果进行了计算分析,并提出了能够达到设计航道尺度的整治工程方案。     

基于二乘二取二冗余-安全控制的地铁LCU设计

简述LCU的发展3个阶段,针对城轨地铁车辆应用,介绍一种基于二乘二取二冗余-安全控制架构技术的下一代LCU的原理、组成和故障诊断方案,相较于双机热备冗余的LCU,能够获得更高的安全性和可靠性。     

柴油机后处理系统N_2O排放特性的试验研究

对一台重型柴油机的后处理系统进行台架试验,研究其N2O生成特性,包括在颗粒捕集器(DPF)主动再生、选择性催化还原(SCR)反应和泄漏氨气在氨气氧化催化器(ASC)的氧化过程中一氧化二氮(N2O)的生成规律。结果表明,DPF主动再生时,喷入排气管的柴油与排气中的氮氧化物在催化剂表面发生副反应生成N2O,其生成量随DOC出口温度的升高呈现先增后减的趋势。在SCR反应中,Cu沸石催化剂生成的N2O最多,Cu/Fe复合催化剂次之,而其它催化剂生成的N2O很少;对于前两种催化剂,随着温度的升高,N2O生成量呈先增后减再增的趋势。从SCR催化器泄漏的氨气在ASC中被氧化生成N2O,温度在200~250℃时N2O生成量较大。     

开级配大粒径沥青碎石混合料劈裂试验的离散元数值分析

为了弥补现有沥青路面结构设计理论中将沥青混合料当作完全弹性体进行计算分析的不足,以AC-16,AC-20,开级配大粒径沥青碎石混合料OLSM-25的劈裂强度为研究对象,采用离散元方法,运用二维颗粒流程序(PFC2D),从细观角度入手,对AC-16,AC-20,OLSM-25的劈裂(间接拉伸)试验进行数值模拟,对比分析AC-16,AC-20,OLSM-25圆柱体试件内部集料颗粒之间的接触力、位移矢量、微裂缝数量及其分布规律.结果表明:在峰值轴向力作用下,当沥青混合料圆柱体试件开裂破坏时,随着沥青混合料公称最大粒径、空隙率的增大以及油石比的减小,试件内部集料颗粒之间的接触力由基本均匀趋于相对离散分布,位移矢量存在显著差异,微裂缝数量逐渐减少.与AC-16,AC-20相比,OLSM-25的间接拉伸抗裂效果显著.     

2D 雷达与红外异地配置下的航迹关联方法

针对异地配置下的2D雷达与红外传感器航迹关联难的问题,论文提出一种基于假设检验的异类传感器航迹关联算法,该方法利用2D雷达距离、方位与红外传感器方位、仰角的互补性,通过假设条件建立目标关键因子的相似度模型,再通过相似度判断检验假设条件是否成立,以达到目标关联的目的。仿真实验结果表明了该方法关联的正确性。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备 SiO2微球及其表征

文中采用溶胶-凝胶法,以正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）为硅源,氨水为催化剂,醇为溶剂,制备了 SiO2微球,并研究了正硅酸乙酯添加方式、溶剂类型、反应温度对其形貌和粒径的影响。通过 SEM,XRD,FT - IR,UV - Vis 测试分析 SiO2微球的形貌、结构、成分以及光学性能。结果表明,正硅酸乙酯水解对醇溶剂有选择性,乙醇作为溶剂合成 SiO2的分散性和球形较好,溶剂类型对 SiO2紫外吸收影响不大,SiO2对200~250 nm 紫外线吸收最强。逐步滴定法更利于 SiO2的合成,而 TEOS 添加方式对其非晶化程度影响不大。温度变化会影响氨水催化效率,进而会影响生成 SiO2的粒径。     

长江中游新洲—九江河段河床演变分析及整治方案研究

根据新洲-九江河段近几十年来原型观测资料,深入分析了顺直分汉形过渡河段的演变特点及碍航特性,提出了“固滩守槽,稳定主流”的治理原则,在此基础上提出治理方案,并结合平面二维水沙数学模型,对治理方案效果进行了计算。结果表明：河段采取以守护为主、调整为辅,利用整治建筑物稳定并适当抬高已有滩体,归顺过渡浅区枯期水流的治理思路是正确的,工程方案实施后可以较好地解决本河段的碍航问题。     

Can we reduce car use and, if so, how? A review of available evidence

Transport accounts for nearly a quarter of current energy-related carbon dioxide emissions with car travel constituting more than three quarters of all vehicle kilometres travelled. Interventions to change transport behaviour, and especially to reduce car use, could reduce CO₂ emissions from road transport more quickly than technological measures. It is unclear, however, which interventions are effective in reducing car use and what the likely impact of these interventions would be on CO₂ emissions. A two-stage systematic search was conducted focusing on reviews published since 2000 and primary intervention evaluations referenced therein. Sixty-nine reviews were considered and 47 primary evaluations found. These reported 77 intervention evaluations, including measures of car-use reduction. Evaluations of interventions varied widely in the methods they employed and the outcomes measures they reported. It was not possible to synthesise the findings using meta-analysis. Overall, the evidence base was found to be weak. Only 12 of the 77 evaluations were judged to be methodologically strong, and only half of these found that the intervention being evaluated reduced car use. A number of intervention approaches were identified as potentially effective but, given the small number of methodologically strong studies, it is difficult to draw robust conclusions from current evidence. More methodologically sound research is needed in this area.     

插值滤波器在单站外辐射源无源定位中的应用

把一种基于stirling内插公式的插值滤波器（DDF），应用于单站外辐射源无源定位中的非线性滤波问题。与传统扩展kalman滤波（EKF）相比，插值滤波器避免了非线性方程泰勒展开求解的过程，同时实现复杂性和计算量都很小。计算机仿真表明，一阶插值滤波（DD1）滤波精度相当EKF，而二阶插值滤波（DD2）滤波精度接近甚至略优于无轨迹kalman滤波（UKF）。