城市交通运行状况对机动车碳排放的影响研究

为定量分析不同城市交通运行状况对机动车碳排放的影响，利用高德平台提供的拥堵延时指数(Congestion Delay Index, CDI)数据，在分析我国交通拥堵城市时空分布特征以及CDI特征的基础上，通过构建基于速度的CO2排放因子，利用VISSIM模拟不同交通运行状况时的交通量， 实现不同交通运行状况下机动车碳排放的估算。结果显示：交通拥堵城市分布具有空间依赖性和聚集性，在长三角经济区和珠三角经济区形成两个高聚集中心；CDI具有明显的周期性(7 d)波动规律，且受天气和人类活动等的影响较大，疫情打破了此规律；城市交通运行状况(CDI)对机动车CO2排放有较大的影响，当交通处于轻度拥堵时(CDI为1.582)，交通高峰期我国城市机动车年排放的CO2总量约为0.77亿 t，是畅通状态下的4.51倍；当交通保持基本畅通时(CDI为1.35)，交通高峰期我国城市机动车CO2年排放总量可减少0.29亿 t；当交通达到中度拥堵时(CDI为1.909)，交 通高峰期我国城市机动车CO2的年排放增加0.22亿 t；当处于交通严重拥堵时(CDI达2.394)，交通高峰期我国城市机动车CO2的年排放总量可达1.33亿 t。改善城市交通运行状况，可大幅度降低机动车的CO2排放量。     

Hydrogen refueling station networks for heavy-duty vehicles in future power systems

A potential solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector is to use alternatively fueled vehicles (AFV). Heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) emit a large share of GHG emissions in the transport sector and are therefore the subject of growing attention from global regulators. Fuel cell and green hydrogen technologies are a promising option to decarbonize HDVs, as their fast refueling and long vehicle ranges are consistent with current logistic operational requirements. Moreover, the application of green hydrogen in transport could enable more effective integration of renewable energies (RE) across different energy sectors. This paper explores the interplay between HDV Hydrogen Refueling Stations (HRS) that produce hydrogen locally and the power system by combining an infrastructure location planning model and an electricity system optimization model that takes grid expansion options into account. Two scenarios – one sizing refueling stations to support the power system and one sizing them independently of it – are assessed regarding their impacts on the total annual electricity system costs, regional RE integration and the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). The impacts are calculated based on locational marginal pricing for 2050. Depending on the integration scenario, we find average LCOH of between 4.83 euro/kg and 5.36 euro/kg, for which nodal electricity prices are the main determining factor as well as a strong difference in LCOH between north and south Germany. Adding HDV-HRS incurs power transmission expansion as well as higher power supply costs as the total power demand increases. From a system perspective, investing in HDV-HRS in symbiosis with the power system rather than independently promises cost savings of around seven billion euros per annum. We therefore conclude that the co-optimization of multiple energy sectors is important for investment planning and has the potential to exploit synergies.     

基于熵权TOPSIS的高速干线物流卡车司机驾驶行为评价

随着燃油价格持续上涨及企业用工成本上升,通过智能网联技术实现车队的智能化管理从而帮助物流企业降本增效成为人们关注的焦点。文章基于车联网采集的高分辨率车辆行驶数据,从经济性、安全性角度出发提取8个驾驶行为特征指标,利用熵权法确定各指标权重,再采用TOPSIS模型计算实现了对各行程司机驾驶行为的评价,实例计算结果表明,该方法能客观、有效地评价高速干线物流卡车司机驾驶行为,对物流企业开展生态驾驶培训、改善车队燃油经济性、驾驶安全性具有重要的参考价值。随着智能网联汽车的到来,该方法还可以为自动驾驶车速规划提供参考。     

Will autonomous vehicles change auto commuters’ value of travel time?

This paper examines the potential impact of autonomous vehicles on commuters’ value of travel time (VOTT). In particular, we focus on the effect on auto commuters in small and medium-sized metropolitan areas, concerning the spatial variability across urban areas, suburbs, and rural areas. We design a stated choice experiment to elicit potential changes in 1,881 auto commuters’ valuation of travel time in autonomous vehicles and apply a mixed logit model to quantify the changes in the value of travel time if taking autonomous vehicles. The results of this study suggest that the effect of autonomous vehicles on the VOTT is spatially differentiated. We find that riding in a private autonomous vehicle reduces the commuting VOTT of suburban, urban, and rural drivers by 32%, 24%, and 18%, respectively, compared to 14%, 13%, and 8% for riding in a shared autonomous vehicle. Finally, we discuss the implications of these lower values of time on transportation and land use planning.     

考虑路面车辙的自动驾驶卡车高速公路车道管理策略研究

自动驾驶卡车在横向控制原理、横向位置分布特征上与人工驾驶车辆存在较大差异，为评估自动驾驶卡车对路面耐久的影响并支撑其在人机混驾环境下的车道规划，开展考虑路面车辙的高速公路车道管理策略研究。基于高速公路自然驾驶数据，提取卡车车道内横向分布特征，并提出以正态分布为基础的自动驾驶卡车横向位置分布模式；根据车道类型提出3种高速公路车道管理策略，即专用车道策略、混合流车道策略、专用+混合流车道策略；在不同车道管理策略、横向位置分布参数下，从车辙发展均衡出发确定不同车道自动驾驶、人工驾驶卡车比例，并通过沥青路面三维有限元模型评估路面养护年限。结果表明：专用车道策略中专用车道宽度可变，但要求自动驾驶卡车比例固定，且沥青路面养护年限最低；混合流车道策略适用于所有自动驾驶卡车比例，且养护年限最高；专用+混合流车道策略适用于自动驾驶卡车比例高的高速公路。     

Determining the optimal electric vehicle DC-charging infrastructure for Western Australia

Take-up rates of electric vehicles (EV) are increasing and are predicted to accelerate rapidly. Public EV charging networks will be required to support future EV fleets. If unplanned, public charging networks are highly likely to be suboptimal. Planners need to understand and plan for future EV charging infrastructure requirements, particularly public DC fast charging networks, as both the upfront investment costs and the consequences of misallocation are high. However, the task of determining the optimal locations and allocations (types and numbers) of public EV charging infrastructure is complicated as it requires knowledge of many variables. These include EV driver behaviors, driving patterns, predicting evolutionary changes in EV and EV charging technologies, future EV take-up rates, and what investment may or may not occur in the absence of government funding support.     

基于改进人工势场的无人驾驶动态规划算法研究

无人驾驶决策算法可以分为端到端的决策算法与分层式决策算法，分层式算法由于可解释性强、鲁棒性高而被大多数主机厂采用。规划模块是分层式决策算法中的核心模块，它承接感知与地图模块的信息并输出驾驶轨迹或动作，而人工势场法由于规划效率高、信息提取能力强，被越来越多地应用于无人驾驶决策规划领域。但现阶段的人工势场存在未考虑目的地因素或建立目的地单点引力场导致远距离引力过大、方向错误的问题，无法应对复杂交通环境。针对这些问题，提出一种无人驾驶“行车意图-风险复合场”(Driving Intention & Risk Field, IRF)，根据目的地、车辆、道路边界等要素各自的特点分别建模，并以势场的形式统一在IRF中。创建考虑全局规划的全局引力场，将全局规划路径离散成等距离的路径点，并动态选取感兴趣范围内的路径点进行全局引力场的构建。为了验证模型的性能，搭建IRF-SAC动态规划算法平台，并在CARLA仿真环境分别设置高速公路场景、十字路口场景和环岛场景。研究结果表明:相比于NF-SAC和FSM，IRF-SAC算法在安全性、舒适性、通行效率上均有显著提升；在高速公路场景下，IRF-SAC显示出较强的路径跟踪精度和鲁棒性，最大位移偏差相对于NF-SAC和FSM算法分别下降了44.8%、70.2%；在十字路口场景下，与NF-SAC及FSM算法相比，平均危险系数分别降低12.0%、20.6%，纵向加速度均方根分别降低13.2%、44.9%，行驶时长相较于FSM算法减少了39.2%；在环岛场景下，与NF-SAC及FSM算法相比，平均危险系数分别降低了31.7%、52.9%，纵向加速度均方根分别降低了27.0%、19.0%。     

城市工程运输车源头治理短板及对策研究

源头治理是城市工程车管理链条中重要一环,同时也是最薄弱的一环,存在管理盲区。本文从“人、车、企、道路、工地”五大源头总结梳理工程车源头治理中存在的六个方面问题,结合业务特点和各地经验做法,针对性提出六大对策建议,具有可实施性,可有效强化工程车源头治理。     

大型货运车辆生态驾驶及节油潜力评估

改善驾驶行为、推广生态驾驶是未来降低机动车辆燃油消耗和污染排放的重要潜在方式.分析由车辆远程在线监控技术(OBD)获取的199辆大型货车在观测的4 d内的位置、速度、油耗等微观运行状态的逐秒数据，提出判定急加速、过急加速、急减速、过急减速和超长怠速等5种不良驾驶行为的统计方法，并建立面板数据固定效应回归模型分析5种不良驾驶行为对大型货车油耗的影响，进而定量评估改善不良驾驶行为的节油潜力.研究结果表明，超长怠速和过急减速行为会显著增加大型货车的油耗，减少超长怠速时间和过急减速行为的节油潜力分别可达2.6%和3.8%.