多级矿料-沥青体系的颗粒特性、界面效应及迁移行为研究进展

沥青混合料是多级多相颗粒性材料,其复杂的颗粒特征、界面效应和迁移行为决定了离析特性、压实效果与力学响应。为了解析沥青混合料的微细观作用机理,为混合料组成优化设计、施工控制及性能预测提供理论基础,进而提升沥青路面的耐久性,综述了国内外学者在矿料-沥青体系的研究成果,并将摊铺、压实、服役阶段的沥青混合料分别看作不同状态及迁移自由度的矿料-沥青体系。首先,针对矿料体系的颗粒特性,分析了颗粒几何形态以及尺寸效应对沥青混合料性能的影响,给出了多级矿料复合几何特征表征方法。其次,针对松散态的矿料-沥青体系,梳理了矿料颗粒体系的接触摩擦特性、界面交互作用等细观特征,介绍了沥青混合料的离析行为评价方法,分析了颗粒迁移行为对离析倾向的影响,并讨论了离析形成机理;针对沥青混合料的压实过程,描述了动态压实特性与颗粒的迁移行为,分析了矿料几何特征、矿料-沥青界面效应对颗粒迁移行为的影响,从内部颗粒迁移角度讨论了沥青混合料的压实过程;针对压实成型的沥青混合料,介绍了矿料-沥青体系的颗粒迁移行为,并分析了颗粒微迁移特性对沥青混合料力学强度的影响。最后,将运输摊铺过程的松散态、压实过程中的错动态、服役过程中的成型态...     

富水黄土隧道施工过程围岩水分迁移规律研究

为了给富水黄土隧道施工提供指导,依托银西高铁上阁村隧道,通过现场监测得到典型断面上覆软塑黄土层隧道水分迁移的基本规律;通过室内试验建立了围岩孔隙比与围岩渗透系数、围岩含水率与围岩强度的关系式,利用FLAC^3D内嵌的FISH语言进行相应编程,对土体单元赋予动态渗透系数,实现了流固耦合作用下的隧道开挖模拟,并结合现场监测数据验证了该数值模拟的可靠性,最后基于16种工况的模拟结果,揭示了上覆软塑黄土层距隧道拱顶不同距离下隧道开挖卸载过程中围岩水分迁移规律。结果表明：在开挖扰动下隧道上覆软塑黄土层中水分由黄土层底部向隧道临空面迁移,最终累积于隧道底部,且水分迁移始于掌子面开挖,滞后于初支封闭;当拱顶与软塑黄土层底部距离0 m≤h≤4 m时(h为隧道拱顶与软塑黄土层底部间距),位置水头和压力水头的变化引起洞周水分迁移,水分迁移速度快、迁移量大,隧道仰拱封闭前,水分易侵入临空面;当5 m≤h≤8 m时,位置水头的变化引起洞周水分迁移,水分迁移速度慢、迁移量小;当h>8 m时,无明显水分迁移;当0 m相似文献   

氯盐对水泥混凝土路面腐蚀破坏模型研究

针对氯盐融雪造成的水泥混凝土路面腐蚀破坏的现象,分别从氯盐对混凝土的盐冻损伤及对钢筋的腐蚀破坏2个方面予以研究,揭示了氯盐融雪对水泥混凝土路面破坏机理,依此为据,对传统的氯盐对混凝土路面破坏评价模型从混凝土掺和料的劣化性、氯离子扩散的时间依赖性及氯离子对混凝土的应力影响因素等3方面予以了优化,得出了优化评价模型,即优化的Fick第2定律.在确定相应的临界指标基础上,提出了基于可靠度分析的极限状态评价模型.研究表明,极限状态评价模型能更好地反映氯盐对混凝土的腐蚀破坏随时间和空间变化的动态规律,在临界指标确定后,利用氯盐某时在混凝土某深度下的浓度,可较准确评价氯盐对水泥混凝土路面的腐蚀破坏.     

探地雷达钢筋正演模拟及偏移成像研究

探地雷达（ground penetrating radar,GPR）在工程检测领域应用广泛,特别是应用于隧道衬砌结构检测。利用时域有限差分方法（finite difference time domain,FDTD）和完全匹配层（perfect match layer,PML）吸收边界条件,采用900 MHz天线,模拟了不同间距、不同深度、不同对应位置的单、双层钢筋混凝土结构,并运用频率-波速域（F-K）波动方程偏移技术分别进行了成像处理。研究表明： 1）有效探测范围内钢筋间距、埋深越大时,干扰信号越少,钢筋的反映越明显; 2）F-K偏移可较好地分辨出单层（上层）钢筋,斜对双层钢筋的分辨率比正对高。     

矿物掺合料与表面涂层对混凝土抗氯离子侵蚀能力的影响

试验研究了矿物掺合料(不同掺量下单掺粉煤灰、矿渣或硅粉)、表面涂层材料(环氧树脂或聚合物水泥基防水材料)以及两者共同作用对混凝土抗氯离子侵蚀能力的影响。研究结果表明:矿物掺合料和表面涂层材料均可显著地提高混凝土的抗氯离子渗透能力;矿物掺合料的改善效果随着掺量的增加而增加,改善能力为硅粉>矿渣>粉煤灰;环氧树脂的作用效果比聚合物水泥基防水材料更明显;矿物掺合料与表面涂层结合使用效果更优。对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的作用机理分析表明:矿物掺合料的火山灰效应、填充效应和对氯离子的初始固化能力是改善混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能的三个重要因素。     

Experiments on the survival of six brackish macro-invertebrates from the Baltic Sea after dredged spoil coverage and its implications for the field

Physical disturbance by disposal of dredged materials in estuarine and coastal waters may result in burial of benthic fauna. Survival rates depend on a variety of factors including the type and amount of disposed materials and the lifestyle of the organisms. Laboratory burial experiments using six common macrobenthic invertebrates from a brackish habitat of the western Baltic Sea were performed to test the organisms' escape reaction to dredged material disposal. Experimental lab-results were then extrapolated to a field situation with corresponding bottom topography and covering layer thicknesses at experimental field disposal study sites. Resulted survival rates were then verified by comparison with results of an earlier field study at the same disposal sites.Our experimental design in the lab included the disposal of two types of dredged material (i.e. ‘till’ and ‘sand/till mixture’) and two covering layer depths (i.e. 10–20 cm and 14–40 cm). All three bivalves Arctica islandica (Linnaeus), Macoma balthica (Linnaeus), Mya arenaria (Linnaeus) and the polychaete Nephtys hombergii (Savigny) successfully burrowed to the surface of a 32–41 cm deposited sediment layer of till or sand/till mixture and restored contact with the overlying water. These high escape potentials could partly be explained by the heterogeneous texture of the till and sand/till mixture with ‘voids’. The polychaete Bylgides (Harmothoe) sarsi (Malmgren) successfully burrowed through a 16 cm covering layer whereas the polychaete Lagis koreni (Malmgren) showed almost no escaping reaction. No general differences in escape behaviour after burial were detected between our test species from the brackish habitat and those reported in the literature for the same species in marine environments. However, a size-dependence in mobility of motile polychaetes and M. arenaria was apparent within our study. In comparison to a thick coverage, thin covering layers (i.e. 15–16 cm and 20 cm) increased the chance of the organisms (N. hombergii and M. arenaria) to reach the sediment surface after burial. This was not observed for the other test species. While crawling upward to the new sediment surfaces burrowing velocities of up to 8 cm d^− 1 were observed for the bivalves and up to 20 cm d^− 1 for N. hombergii. Between 17 and 79% of the test organisms showed burrowing activity after experimental burial. The survival rate (defined as the ability to regained contact with the sediment surface) ranged from 0 to 33%, depending on species and on burial depth. The organisms reached the sediment surface by burrowing (polychaetes and bivalves) and/or by extending their siphons to the new sediment surface (bivalves). The extrapolation of laboratory survival rates to the two disposal sites was obtained based on the in situ thicknesses of the dredged spoil layers measured by multi-beam echo sounder. This resulted in total average survival rate estimates for the test species of 45 and 43% for the two disposal sites. The results obtained during the laboratory tests and the following extrapolation to the field were verified by the range of results from a previous field study, using grab sampling shortly before and after a disposal event in June 2001. The effect of dredged material disposal on the tested Baltic Sea benthic macrofauna was assessed by extrapolating the verified laboratory results to the field.     

考虑边界条件不确定性的城市交通拥塞风险分布迁移规律研究

为分析交通联通边界(交通量、交通扩散系数)对特定城市研究区域内交通拥塞迁移规律的影响机理。本文从新的角度考虑城市交通拥塞风险分布迁移规律，将污染质迁移数值模拟模型运用到城市道路交通拥塞风险迁移中。首先对贵阳某区域2020年6~7月的城市交通调查数据及爬取的部分高德地图数据进行处理，并将研究区域以交通联通边界、交通隔断边界、区域分区边界划分为区域1和区域2。在此基础上考虑交通联通边界并建立基于城市交通拥塞风险分布及迁移数值替代模型，并运用Monte Carlo方法对贵阳某研究区域的输入输出结果进行统计分析，并将实际路网数据值输入替代模型，将结果与路网真实情况和高德地图情况进行对比，所建立模型 的预测精度比高德地图高3.7%，且模拟交通拥塞风险迁移规律较高。结果表明，交通联通边界对城市交通拥塞迁移数值模拟模型预报有很大影响，统计分析研究区域模拟模型的结果，可以有效评估不同交通联通边界条件对研究区域交通拥塞风险分布情况和准确预报研究区域内遭受不同 交通拥塞程度的风险。综上可知，本文建立的模型能高效精准分析城市交通拥塞的风险分布迁移规律，可为城市路网分区分段分点治理交通拥塞提供新的参考。     

Chloride diffusion models for Type I and fly ash cement concrete exposed to field and laboratory conditions

The exposure temperature significantly affects the diffusion of chloride ions in concrete, and, as such, it must be taken into consideration in the development of service-life prediction models for structures exposed to chloride-bearing environments. Most of the earlier studies have used cement paste to assess the effect of exposure temperature on chloride diffusion. In the reported study, chloride diffusion in Type I and fly ash (20% fly ash) cement concrete was evaluated under field and laboratory conditions. The laboratory concrete specimens were exposed to chloride solution maintained at four temperatures (22, 35, 50 and 60 °C) for 365 days. Beam specimens were exposed in the tidal zone of a marine exposure site, along the Arabian Gulf coast, for up to 10 years to study the chloride diffusion in the field specimens. The coefficient of chloride diffusion (D_a) in the concrete specimens exposed to 22 or 35 ᵒC in the laboratory was less than that in the concrete specimens exposed to 50 and 60 ᵒC. The D_a for Type I cement concrete specimens increased by 3.6 times as the temperature was increased from 22 to 60 ᵒC while this increase was 2.3 times for the fly ash cement concrete specimens for a similar increase in the temperature. The D_a decreased with the period of exposure in the field specimens. The values of activation energy that can be used for predicting the chloride diffusion for exposure temperature within the range of 22–60 °C were developed based on the laboratory data. In addition, mathematical models were developed relating the coefficient of chloride diffusion in the field and laboratory concrete specimens. The developed models can be utilized to ascertain chloride diffusion in field specimens, utilizing the laboratory values, and hence calculate the useful service-life of structures.     

矿物掺和料对再生混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响研究

试验设计制作了几组掺有不同矿物掺和料、不同配合比的再生混凝土试块,利用加速氯离子渗透性试验对试块进行了抗氯离子渗透性能的测定,以考察常用矿物掺和料对再生混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响规律。试验结果表明,掺有8％硅灰的再生混凝土试块,其氯离子渗透系数减少12.2％～53.4％;掺有25％的粉煤灰,再生混凝土试块氯离子渗透系数减少7.8％～50.1％;掺有25％矿渣微粉的再生混凝土试块,其氯离子渗透系数减少7.1％～43.9％;可见3种矿物掺和料-粉煤灰、矿渣微粉以及硅灰对再生混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能均有一定的提高,其中以硅粉的效果最好,粉煤灰次之,矿渣微粉较差。     

黄土路基压实过程中的水分迁移规律试验研究

首先分析了黄土中水的形态和能态,采用离心试验、渗透试验等方法对黄土路基多个压实度状态的水的能态、迁移、渗透、扩散等规律特征进行分析。结果表明:随着土体压实度的增大,基质吸力逐渐降低,受到水势影响越小;压实度越大,土体越密实,孔隙越小,干容重越大,土的导水率和扩散率逐渐降低;在较大压实度下,路基受水分影响越小,强度和稳定性越好。