A path-following driver–vehicle model with neuromuscular dynamics,including measured and simulated responses to a step in steering angle overlay

An existing driver–vehicle model with neuromuscular dynamics is improved in the areas of cognitive delay, intrinsic muscle dynamics and alpha–gamma co-activation. The model is used to investigate the influence of steering torque feedback and neuromuscular dynamics on the vehicle response to lateral force disturbances. When steering torque feedback is present, it is found that the longitudinal position of the lateral disturbance has a significant influence on whether the driver’s reflex response reinforces or attenuates the effect of the disturbance. The response to angle and torque overlay inputs to the steering system is also investigated. The presence of the steering torque feedback reduced the disturbing effect of torque overlay and angle overlay inputs. Reflex action reduced the disturbing effect of a torque overlay input, but increased the disturbing effect of an angle overlay input. Experiments on a driving simulator showed that measured handwheel angle response to an angle overlay input was consistent with the response predicted by the model with reflex action. However, there was significant intra- and inter-subject variability. The results highlight the significance of a driver’s neuromuscular dynamics in determining the vehicle response to disturbances.     

国产氨利酮对离体豚鼠乳头肌收缩力和动作电位的影响

本文采用细胞内微电极技术在离体豚鼠心乳头肌上观察了AMR对心室肌收缩力和动作电位的影响.结果表明,25μmol/L的AMR能使心肌收缩力DT增加65.4%、收缩力最大上升速率(dT/dt_(max))增加50.8%、收缩力tPT缩短19.5%;250μmol/L的AMR能使DT增加98.5%、dT/dt_(max)增加91.3%、tPT缩短24.7%。另外,这两个浓度的AMR均能延长心肌细胞动作电位时程和有效不应期。说明AMR确有明显的正性肌力作用。     

延髓头端腹内侧区甩尾相关细胞在肌梭传入镇痛中的作用

目的　探讨延髓头端腹内侧区 (rostralventromedialmedulla ,RVM)甩尾相关细胞在肌梭传入镇痛中的作用。方法　采用辐射热照射大鼠尾部引起甩尾反射 ,同步记录RVM细胞放电和甩尾反射的方法 ,观察琥珀胆碱 (succinyl choline,SCh)诱发的肌梭传入活动对甩尾相关细胞放电和甩尾反射的影响。结果　①RVM内的细胞依据其放电活动与甩尾反射的关系可区分为三类 ,即 :在甩尾动作发生前 4 0 0ms左右放电骤停的off cell,在甩尾动作发生前 2 0 0～6 0 0ms放电骤增的on cell,以及与甩尾反射没有关系的N cell。②股动脉注射SCh引起的肌梭传入活动可使绝大多数的off cell发生兴奋 ,表现为放电频率增加 ,“撤”反应延迟出现或不出现 ;可使绝大多数on cell发生抑制 ,表现为放电频率减小 ,“给”反应延迟出现 ;同时使甩尾的潜伏期明显延长。③肌肉注射布比卡因破坏肌梭后 ,股动脉注射相同剂量的SCh ,对off cell的兴奋作用较未注射组明显降低 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　SCh诱发的肌梭传入可使RVM内off cell兴奋 ,on cell抑制 ,提示RVM在肌梭传入镇痛中起着重要作用     

黄芪对蟾蜍离体单一肌梭传入放电的影响

目的　探讨黄芪、丹参对肌梭传入放电的影响。方法　用空气隔绝法记录蟾蜍离体单一肌梭的传入放电 ,观察黄芪和丹参注射液对肌梭传入电活动的影响 ,并与琥珀胆碱 (SCh)的作用进行比较。结果　应用 5 0mg·L-1SCh后 ,肌梭的自发放电频率由 (0 .79± 0 .12 )Hz增加至 (12 .2 6± 2 .38)Hz。应用 10 0、2 0 0、30 0mg·L-1黄芪后 ,肌梭的传入放电分别由 (0 .80± 0 .34)Hz、(0 .77± 0 .2 9)Hz、(0 .70± 0 .4 2 )Hz增加至 (13.18± 2 .4 3)Hz、(2 4 .0 3± 4 .0 7)Hz、(36 .17± 5 .83)Hz。丹参注射液对肌梭的传入放电没有作用。结论　黄芪可以使肌梭的传入放电频率显著增加 ,且呈剂量依赖现象     

筒箭毒碱对琥珀胆碱引起肌梭传入放电的抑制

目的　研究筒箭毒碱 (TC)对琥珀胆碱 (SCh)引起肌梭传入放电的影响。方法　以大鼠为对象 ,在支配腓肠肌的神经上分离神经细束 ,引导肌梭的传入放电。以放电频率峰值 (DPF)、放电频率最大增值 (MIF)和峰频率 (PF)出现的时间为指标 ,观察TC对SCh引起肌梭传入放电的影响。结果　①注射TC 0 .0 0 1mmol·kg- 1 5min后再注射SCh0 .0 0 5mmol·kg- 1 ,DPF和MIF分别降低到对照值的 4 2 .2 %和 2 4 .0 % ,PF出现时间后移 71.9s;SCh的剂量不变 ,当TC的剂量增加到 0 .0 0 3mmol·kg- 1 时 ,DPF和MIF分别降低到 10 .4 %和 8.7% ,PF出现时间后移 96 .3s ;当TC的剂量增加到 0 .0 0 5mmol·kg- 1 时 ,则可完全抑制SCh引起的肌梭传入放电。②分别在注射TC 0 .0 0 1mmol·kg- 1 后35min和 70min再注射SCh 0 .0 0 5mmol·kg- 1 ,则DPF降低到对照值的 5 7.4 %和 6 9.3% ,MIF降低到 4 6 .8%和6 5 .8% ,PF出现时间后移 4 5 .9s和 2 8.7s。结论　TC对SCh引起的肌梭传入放电有明显的抑制作用 ,且呈一定的剂量依从性     

THE ROLE OF RED NUCLEUS IN THE MODULATION OF SPINAL NOCICEPTIVE TRANSMISSION AND IN NOCICEPTION ELICITED BY MUSCLE SPINDLE AFFERENTS

RNiswellknownasanimportantnucleusinmotorcontrolofextra pyramidalsystem .However ,anatomicalstudieshaverevealedthatasignificantproportionoftherubrospinalfibersterminatesintheventralportionofthedorsalhorn (laminaeⅤ Ⅵ ) ,andinpartoftheintermediatehorn (laminaeⅦ ) .Suchterminaldistributionsuggestthatrubro spinalneuronsmaymodulatetheresponsesofdorsalhornneuronsinvolvedintherelayofsomatosensorycutaneousinformationtomorerostrallevelsofner voussystem .ThereareevidencesthatRNstimula tionaffectsnoc…     

肌梭传入诱发的DRP及对刺激腓神经诱发的DRP、VRP的影响

实验用牛蛙和蟾蜍,以背根电位(DRP)和腹根电位(VRP)为指标,观察分析了牵拉肌肉引起的肌梭传入在中枢的效应。结果表明:肌肉制动后,牵拉半腱肌的同时在背根上所记录到的时相DRP为肌梭传入放电所致,本文命名为肌梭DRP并详细讨论了肌梭DRP的性质。同时发现;持续性肌梭传入能加强电刺激腓神经诱发的DRP,能抑制神经VRP。提示肌梭传入参与针刺镇痛可能是以突触前抑制的形式起作用的。本文为突触前抑制理论及针刺镇痛原理的研究提供了新的资料。     

肌苷增强蟾蜍离体单一肌梭传入放电频率

目的探讨肌苷对肌梭传入放电的影响。方法用蟾蜍缝匠肌制备单一肌梭标本以空气隔绝法记录单一肌梭的传入放电,观察肌苷注射液对肌梭传入放电的影响。结果应用0.2 mmol/L0、.4 mmol/L0、.8 mmol/L肌苷后,肌梭的传入放电分别由(0.86±0.12)Hz、(0.88±0.12)Hz、(0.85±0.10)Hz增加至(11.42±2.48)Hz、(21.75±3.03)Hz、(32.25±4.08)Hz。结论肌苷可以使肌梭的传入放电频率明显增加,且呈剂量依赖关系。     

EFFECTS OF PASSIVE STRETCH ON SOLEUS MUSCLE ATROPHY IN IMMOBILIZED RATS

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Effect of insulin in combination with selenium on blood glucose and GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Objective To evaluate the effect of low-dose insulin [1 U/(kg · d)] in combination with selenium [180 g/(kg · d)] on general physiological parameters and glucose transporter (GLUT4) level in skeletal mnscle of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods Diabetic rats were treated with insulin, selenium, and insulin and selenium in combination for four weeks. The level of blood glucose was determined using One Tonch SnreStep Blood Glucose meter and the level of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle was examined by immunobiotting and immnnohistochemistry. Results Our data showed that insulin in combination with selenium could significantly lower blood glucose level and restore the disturbance in GLUT4 level in skeletal muscle. Treatment with insulin was only partially effective in restoring diabetic alterations. Conclusion It can be concluded that there is a synergistic action between insulin and selenium, and that treatment of diabetic rats with combined doses of insulin and selenium is effective in the normalization of blood glucose level and correction of altered GLUT4 distribution in skeletal mnscle of diabetic rats.