20世纪中国正义问题研究综述

正义学说是西方政治哲学中关于评价社会制度和人的社会行为的基本道德标准的理论。2 0世纪 80年代以来 ,中国学者对当代西方正义理论进行了阐释与廓清 ,梳理了西方思想史上正义理论发展的理论脉络并分析了其特点 ;在此基础上 ,中国学者在指出了西方正义理论存在着严重缺陷后论证了马克思主义的正义观 ,又从多个角度对正义问题进行了探讨 ,分析了国内正义理论研究的特点和存在的问题 ,并对当代中国正义理论建构提出了看法。     

转型中国的高等教育、社会分层与社会公平

教育,尤其是高等教育,不仅仅是一个教育学的问题,而且是关涉更大层面的经济、化与社会问题。在中国社会由再分配体制向市场体制转型的背景下,我国高等教育的公共政策取向也发生了一个大的转变,集中体现于大众话语中的“收费”和“扩招”问题。尽管这一转变有其深刻的经济和社会结构性动因,但由于政府主导、渐进改革的转型社会特征和政策设计本身的漏失,已经引起了社会各界对于公平的质疑与讨论。本正是对转型中国高等教育与社会分层的互动,以及由此牵涉到的社会公平问题所作的整理与反思。     

罗尔斯的政治哲学思想

人类对于正义及其标准的探讨由来已久,不过,在当代政治学理论界中最具影响的正义理论莫过于罗尔斯的正义理论。从《正义论》到《政治自由主义》,罗尔斯在对古典功利主义正义观批判的基础上提出了基于两大正义原则的正义理论。本文评析了罗尔斯正义理论的突破意义,总体介绍了《正义论》的主要观点。     

Development of a Model for Enhancing Justice in MPA Designation and Zoning and its Application to Taiwan’s South Penghu Marine National Park

Abstract

Multi-purpose marine protected areas (MPAs) are prevalent world-wide as institutional mechanisms deployed in the marine environment to manage multiple uses, conserve resources and protect ecosystems. Yet some people may experience disadvantage following the implementation of new MPAs. One understudied aspect of MPAs is the distribution of advantages and disadvantages and how best to address the “justice” concerns that they raise. This article identifies a framework of principles, methods and tools to address these concerns. It devises a “MPA justice model” and demonstrates its applicability to a Taiwanese case study. In 2014, Taiwan proclaimed its first multiple-purpose MPA, the South Penghu Marine National Park and the case study shows ways that the MPA’s socio-economic sustainability could have been better accomplished. The article focuses on future MPA establishment that incorporates distributional fairness and procedural legitimacy into MPA site designation and zoning design - but might also be adapted to use retrospectively in MPA review processes.     

基于社会公平的城市保障性住房空间布局策略研究

通过梳理城市发展模式,并借鉴国际上有效处理居住社会公平问题的经验,在调查西安市保障房空间分布状况的基础上,就目前保障性住房因空间布局造成的社会公平问题进行分析,着重从建设主体的行为激励、保障性住房的科学规划两个方面提出了若干建议,以有助于解决保障房居民获得公平公共服务和发展机会的问题。     

Capabilities and Radicalism: Engineering Accessibility in the 21st century

Abstract

Engineering bridges the gap between, on the one hand, that mix of philosophy and politics that we call policy and, on the other, the physical implementation of the means to put policy into practice. Starting with a brief outline of the nature of accessibility, why it is important and how in some cases a person might be disabled by a lack of accessibility, this article – based on the author's Inaugural Lecture given at University College London in February 2005 – turns to consider how a person's needs challenge their capabilities (i.e. what they can do) and considers a radical approach to understanding people's capabilities in the implementation process. Next, the formation of policy intentions in order to permit, encourage and implement the engineering of appropriate solutions is discussed and conclusions drawn about how this affects work in the transport domain. Perhaps we need to look at the world in a different way before we can make it a better place.     

Estimating mortality impacts from vehicle emission reduction efforts: The Tune In and Tune Up program in the San Joaquin Valley

As a response to profoundly poor air quality and associated environmental justice concerns in the San Joaquin Valley region in California, the Tune In & Tune Up (TI&TU) program provides residents with free vehicle emissions testing and vouchers for smog repair. We used data on approximately 19,000 repaired TI&TU vehicles from 2012 to 2018, and several estimation techniques, to quantify a range of nitrogen oxides (NO_X) emissions prevented as a result of the program. We then calculated resulting mortality impacts from reduced exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in the form of secondary nitrates. After applying a novel smog repair emissions abatement depreciation function, we find that six years of operation of the TI&TU program has reduced NO_X emissions by approximately 53–302 tons by the end of 2018. Using a concentration response function for ambient PM_2.5, we found that between 0.055 and 0.31 premature deaths have also been avoided. We present multiple methods for assessing public health impacts, which can be used as guidance for evaluating similar transportation-based emission reduction programs.     

大跨度连续刚构在施工阶段的局部分析

以苏通长江大桥辅通航孔桥三跨连续刚构为例,在分析施工阶段挂篮荷载作用下的局部应力问题时,利用圣维南原理合理简化问题,使分析变得简单而有效;然后运用SAP2000的三维空间实体单元对局部模型进行了分析,分析得到的结果可供实际工程参考。     

近亲属之间容隐行为的定性分析

我国《刑法》第310条规定的窝藏罪还存在一些问题：如,窝藏行为如何分类？窝藏行为能否以不作为方式实施,等等．这些问题导致了在司法实践中,对近亲属之间的容隐行为是否构成窝藏罪难以把握．此外,从我国传统及西方国家的立法来看,近亲属间的窝藏行为（下文简称“亲亲相隐”行为）通常是不认为犯罪或者免除处罚,新中国由于注重保护秩序而将此行为规定为犯罪．进入21世纪后,在构建社会主义和谐社会的宏伟目标下,我国在司法领域中提出了宽严相济的刑事政策,这会影响“亲亲相隐”行为的定性．     

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国内外的普遍服务政策中存在许多重要的理论和实践问题。普遍服务政策实际上是一个经济与社会发展问题.本文选择了道路交通中的信息服务的几个方面,讨论了在我国当前发展水平下,如何对大多数出行者进行服务和有关政策问题.文中首先对道路交通信息服务进行了界定,简要介绍了国内城乡道路交通信息服务的状况和存在的问题,然后就道路交通信息服务的发展与普遍服务展开了讨论.通过国内外经济发展和道路交通情况的对比,得出了目前我国道路交通发展水平基本相当于发达国家20世纪60年代末到70年代的判断.由此提出:由于我国道路交通和运输仍然处在初期,这使得我国在信息化浪潮中面临着“数字鸿沟”和用信息化带动工业化的矛盾;但是民众的出行效率和方便程度是政府的责任,民众有权要求得到方便和便宜的道路交通信息服务.因此,政府在设计和安排道路交通信息系统时,应本着实事求是和执政为民的原则,将主要注意力集中到为大众服务的领域.为乘坐公共交通工具的出行者提供价格低廉的,甚至是免费的信息服务.最后从发展是一个动态过程的角度出发,提出应该辩证地看待不同的利益和效率,处理好先走一步和公平的问题.