在建盾构隧道突发管片破损病害成因分析及治理措施研究北大核心CSCD

盾构法广泛应用于我国城市轨道交通隧道的建设中,盾构管片的病害问题也越发受到重视。文章针对某地铁在建盾构隧道突发管片破损病害,绘制了管片破损病害展布图,分析了相关资料和检测数据,明确了病害的成因机理,制定并实施了相应治理措施。研究结果表明:管片背后大范围空洞导致围岩对隧道的约束不足,引起已成型隧道在盾构机反推力和扭矩、同步注浆浆液浮力、刀盘水土压力和扭矩等作用下发生类压杆弯扭失稳是导致该病害的主要原因;隧道变形监测数据表明"背后注浆填充+破损部位修复"两阶段治理措施取得了良好的治理效果;盾构隧道施工过程中,应严格管控同步注浆质量,防止隧道轴线偏移引起盾构管片发生开裂破损等病害。     

The built environment and travel behavior in urban China: A literature review

Interests in studying of the built environment impacts on travel behavior have proliferated from North America to other parts of the world including China. Until very recently, there has been very little research into travel behavior in China. However, during the last decade, there has been a fast growing interest in studying the built environment and travel behavior in Chinese cities, perhaps motivated by China’s unprecedented urbanization and rapid urban transport development. Case studies from China provide new insights into the impacts of built environment on travel behavior that can help to enrich existing scholarship. However, currently there is a generally poor understanding of the role played by Chinese research and how it has enriched the international literature. This paper aims to fill this gap by reviewing studies in and outside China by both Chinese and non-Chinese scholars. The focus is on the contribution of these studies to the international literature. We identify four areas of contribution: how the built environment has been developed and its implications for travel behavior; the importance of housing sources in defining residential built environment and explaining travel behavior; the unique Danwei (or work unit) perspective on jobs-housing relationships and commuting behavior; and the importance of neighborhood types in explaining travel behavior in Chinese cities. The findings from this review should be relevant for researchers interested in developing future studies that will further advance geographic knowledge of the built environment and travel behavior, specifically in China and with broader global contexts.     

基于磁处理法的隧道永磁体排水管防结晶试验

为预防隧道排水管结晶堵塞，提出永磁体排水管关键技术指标，通过自制的永磁体排水管开展室内试验和现场试验，研究磁场强度、流量、磁体布置间距对永磁体排水管内结晶的影响，根据不同条件下结晶物的质量变化和SEM图像进行试验分析。结果表明： 1）磁场强度为0.1~0.3 T时永磁体排水管具有较好的防结晶效果，磁场强度超过0.2 T后防结晶效果逐渐降低，当磁场强度为0.4 T时永磁体排水管内结晶量反而大于普通排水管； 2）随着试验管段内溶液流量增大，永磁体排水管的防结晶效果增强，但当流量超过450 mL/s之后，防结晶效果不再随流量增大而增强； 3）经永磁体处理后，管道内的结晶物由规则的立方体形状转变为粗糙松散的不规则体，由硬质块状转变为粉末状，有从方解石向文石、球霞石转化的趋势； 4）随着管道永磁体布置间距减小，管道内最终结晶量呈下降趋势，在10、40、70 cm 3种永磁体布置间距中，最佳布置间距为40 cm。     

The influences of past and present residential locations on vehicle ownership decisions

This study explores the relationship between historical exposure to the built environment and current vehicle ownership patterns. The influence of past exposure to the built environment on current vehicle ownership decisions may be causal, but there are alternative explanations. Households may primarily select to live in neighborhoods that facilitate their vehicle ownership preferences, or they may retain preferences that they have developed in the past, irrespective of their current situations. This study seeks to control for these alternative explanations by including the built environment attributes of households’ past residences as an influence on vehicle ownership choices. We use a dataset from a credit reporting firm that contains up to nine previous residential ZIP codes for households currently living in the 13-county Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan area. Results show that past location is significant, but of marginal influence relative to the attributes of the current location. From a practical perspective, our results suggest that models that include current but not past neighborhood attributes (also controlling for standard socioeconomic variables) can forecast vehicle ownership decisions reasonably well. However, models that include both current and past neighborhood attributes can provide a more nuanced understanding of the built environment’s potentially causal influences on vehicle ownership decisions. This better understanding may provide more realistic forecasts of responses to densification or other travel demand management strategies.     

全断面富水砂层浅埋盾构隧道下穿平房群施工参数研究

盾构在富水砂层中掘进时,容易出现喷涌、地表沉降大、流砂等现象,给掘进施工带来很多问题和困难,尤其是在全断面富水砂层中掘进时,如何控制盾构施工参数显得极其重要。文章结合广州地铁21号线水西站—长平站盾构区间隧道工程实例,考虑了工程实践中盾构穿越全断面富水砂层且下穿薄弱基础的水西村民房建筑的情况,进行了盾构施工措施及试验段掘进参数分析,确定了盾构下穿水西村民房建筑的施工参数。监测结果表明:参数实际控制值与分析拟定值接近,地表沉降可以控制在5 mm内,房屋沉降可以控制在10 mm内,验证了参数选取的正确性。盾构在全断面富水砂层中下穿平房群时,实际土舱压力高于静止土压力,同步注浆量不低于1.6倍的理论值,提高土压力和推力可以有效降低平房群的沉降值。     

建成环境对城市停车需求影响的非线性模型

为精细化把握城市建设项目在微观空间尺度下的停车需求规律，从空间视角探究停车需 求与建成环境之间的关系。通过高峰小时建筑物单位面积的停车生成数表征停车需求，以土地 利用混合度、路网密度、公交服务水平等9个因子描述建成环境，分别构建建成环境对停车需求影 响的普通最小二乘(Ordinary Least Squares，OLS)模型与梯度提升迭代决策树(Gradient Boosting Decision Tree，GBDT)模型。以保定市主城区停车调查数据中的商业类配建停车场为对象，基于 停车调查数据、兴趣点数据(Point of Interst，POI)、道路网络数据等多源异构数据进行模型实证分 析。结果表明，考虑非线性效应的GBDT模型比OLS模型具有更好的拟合度。从影响贡献度来 看，配建指标(18.92%)与区位(15.23%)是影响停车需求的最重要建成环境因素，交叉口密度 (5.19%)贡献度最小；在非线性关系方面，建成环境因子与停车需求均具有非线性关系与阈值效 应，除交叉口密度及人口密度与停车需求呈现U型关系，其余因素与停车需求的关系整体上保持 正相关或负相关。     

岩溶区地铁隧道下穿跨河桥梁施工技术研究

以贵阳轨道交通2号线下穿南明河及团坡桥为工程依托,针对岩溶发育区不均匀浅覆土条件下地铁隧道穿越跨河桥梁施工中遇到的抗渗防沉等难题,在遵循浅埋暗挖法十八字方针的基础上进行方案优化。下穿施工前对河床低洼处进行回填,同时增设水平隔水层,初步解决了河水下渗难题。隧道开挖过程中在掌子面进行全断面帷幕注浆及超前管棚支护确保了拱顶的稳定性,采用悬臂掘进机掘进使地层沉降得到控制,二衬混凝土浇筑时采用缺陷预控技术避免了二衬背后出现空洞,同时采用动态监控量测,有效解决了围岩稳定及团坡桥沉降的难题。     

柴达木盆地冻融、盐蚀环境下混凝土腐蚀机理及耐久性研究

为研究柴达木盆地地区强腐蚀环境下混凝土结构的耐久性,配制与现场土壤腐蚀浓度相近的腐蚀性溶液,对掺加特定外加剂的不同强度等级混凝土试件进行冻融、盐浸循环试验,通过检测试件的电通量、强度损失率、质量损失率等参数研究其腐蚀规律及耐久性。试验结果表明,在强腐蚀环境下,低强度混凝土耐久性较差;掺加抗冻防腐剂后混凝土密实性可提高28%~53%,抗压强度损失率可减小22%~54%;氯盐对混凝土的侵蚀破坏起主导作用;混凝土腐蚀破坏前期表现为盐类结晶膨胀型破坏,后期主要是氯盐溶蚀破坏;混凝土破坏为氯盐和硫酸盐共同腐蚀的破坏效果叠加。根据试验结果及腐蚀机理,提出强腐蚀环境下考虑设计、施工、养护的混凝土结构耐久性综合设计方案。     

盾构隧道管片接头缩尺试验模拟方法

由于盾构隧道管片接头刚度影响因素繁多复杂，使得缩尺模型管片接头制作困难、模拟效果较差。为此，提出一种采用特制弹簧与预埋螺栓共同工作的管片接头模拟方法来模拟原型管片接头，并分别对该方法设计的模型管片接头以及原型管片螺栓连接接头的轴向、剪切及弯曲刚度进行计算分析。通过对比分析可以得出设计管片模型接头与原型管片螺栓连接接头的等效条件，在满足上述等效条件的情况下，经相似关系换算可认为缩尺模型管片接头刚度与原型管片接头刚度满足试验设定的相似关系。最后，采用堆载试验对模型管片进行可行性验证。经理论分析及模型试验表明： 提出的盾构隧道管片接头缩尺试验模拟方法可使模型接头刚度等效于原型管片接头，能较为全面地满足模拟原型管片的要求。     

基于杨木木屑改性的隧道工程透水砂浆性能研究

为研制出一种既能适用于初期支护基面找平又具有一定透水能力的砂浆，将杨木木屑加入砂浆试块中对其进行改性。通过对杨木木屑的降解特性进行分析，并将不同掺量的杨木木屑加入砂浆试块中，改变其养护方式，对其体积密度、孔隙率、吸水率、抗压强度等基本性能指标及微观结构进行测试和分析。由试验结果可知： 1）加入杨木木屑后普通砂浆试块的孔隙率和吸水率均提升了2～3倍，但同时也会使砂浆试块的体积密度和抗压强度降低； 2）内掺碱并加碱溶液养护方式的孔隙率和吸水率最高，体积密度和抗压强度最低。对砂浆试块吸水率和抗压强度进行线性拟合后发现其吸水率和抗压强度呈负相关关系。研究结果表明，通过杨木木屑提升砂浆透水性能是可行的，但是杨木木屑掺量和养护方式对砂浆其他性能的影响还有待进一步研究。