Evaluation of added resistance in regular incident waves by computational fluid dynamics motion simulation using an overlapping grid system

A computational fluid dynamics simulation method called WISDAM-X was developed to evaluate the added resistance of ships in waves. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation was solved by the finite-volume method and a MAC-type solution algorithm. An overlapping grid system was employed to implement rigorous wave generation, the interactions of ships with incident waves, and the resultant ship motions. The motion of the ship is simultaneously solved by combining the solution of the motion of the ship with the solution of the flow about the ship. The free surface is captured by treatment by the density-function method. The accuracy of WISDAM-X is examined by a comparison with experimental data from a container carrier hull form, and shows a fairly good agreement with respect to ship motion and added resistance. Simulations were also conducted for a bow-form series of a medium-speed tanker to examine the effectiveness of the WISDAM-X method as a design tool for a hull form with a smaller resistance in waves. It was confirmed that the WISDAM-X method can evaluate the added resistance with sufficient relative accuracy and can be used as a design tool for ships.     

Silicon dynamics in the Oder estuary, Baltic Sea

Studies on dissolved silicate (DSi) and biogenic silica (BSi) dynamics were carried out in the Oder estuary, Baltic Sea in 2000–2005. The Oder estuary proved to be an important component of the Oder River–Baltic Sea continuum where very intensive seasonal DSi uptake during spring and autumn, but also BSi regeneration during summer take place. Owing to the regeneration process annual DSi patterns in the river and the estuary distinctly differed; the annual patterns of DSi in the estuary showed two maxima and two minima in contrast to one maximum- and one minimum-pattern in the Oder River. DSi concentrations in the river and in the estuary were highest in winter (200–250 μmol dm^− 3) and lowest (often less than 1 μmol dm^− 3) in spring, concomitant with diatom growth; such low values are known to be limiting for new diatom growth. Secondary DSi summer peaks at the estuary exit exceeded 100 μmol dm^− 3, and these maxima were followed by autumn minima coinciding with the autumn diatom bloom. Seasonal peaks in BSi concentrations (ca. 100 μmol dm^− 3) occurred during the spring diatom bloom in the Oder River. Mass balance calculations of DSi and BSi showed that DSi + BSi import to the estuary over a two year period was 103.2 kt and that can be compared with the DSi export of 98.5 kt. The difference between these numbers gives room for ca. 2.5 kt BSi to be annually exported to the Baltic Sea. Sediment cores studies point to BSi annual accumulation on the level of 2.5 kt BSi. BSi import to the estuary is on the level of ca. 10.5 kt, thus ca. 5 kt of BSi is annually converted into the DSi, increasing the pool of DSi that leaves the system. BSi concentrations being ca. 2 times higher at the estuary entrance than at its exit remain in a good agreement with the DSi and BSi budgeting presented in the paper.     

隧道爆破荷载作用下中隔壁动力响应与破坏机理研究

中隔壁结构作为隧道初期支护体系中重要的承载构件，在隧道爆破荷载作用下极易发生损伤开裂和破坏。首先依托双向八车道的港沟高速公路隧道工程，进行爆破荷载作用下中隔壁的动力损伤破坏试验，提出中隔壁支护结构的破坏形态及类型；然后利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立隧道爆破与中隔壁支护结构数值模型，采用流固耦合的方法模拟岩体爆破及中隔壁支护结构的动力响应，并考虑单段装药量、爆距等不同因素，研究其对中隔壁破坏模式及形态的影响。研究结果表明：隧道爆破荷载作用下中隔壁破坏形式分为背爆侧混凝土开裂剥落、中心区域混凝土震塌成洞、钢筋网及纵向连接钢筋震坏断裂、钢拱架发生扭曲变形4种类型；中隔壁支护结构在爆破应力波的作用下处于反复拉压状态，并在岩石破碎抛掷冲击的作用下发生破坏，且中隔壁支护结构中心、顶部和底部是结构最易发生损伤的部位；单段装药量和爆距的改变会对中隔壁支护结构的破坏范围和破坏程度产生影响，且结构呈现出不同的破坏形态，与现场试验结果一致；建议隧道爆破施工时爆距控制在40 cm以上，单段药量控制在7.2 kg以下，以减少对中隔壁支护结构的破坏。     

基于OpenFOAM的发动机舱回流计算方法研究

研究车辆在怠速工况下的发动机舱热空气回流问题，基于OpenFOAM 软件进行回流计算方法的开发。通过设置监控面及组分转换面来重新定义格栅新空气和舱内回流热空气等组分，可直接计算出回流在监控面上的分布及回流率和回流量。根据开发的方法对某款插电式混合动力汽车（Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle，PHEV）车型进行计算并提出不同的优化方案，使其发动机舱回流率从32.7% 分别降低至24.0%和9.3%，回流量从0.169 kg/s分别降低至0.128 kg/s和0.048 kg/s，从而降低了冷凝器等散热器的进风温度，提高了怠速工况下热管理系统的性能。     

Decoupled 3D moment control using in-wheel motors

Vehicles equipped with in-wheel motors are being studied and developed as a type of electric vehicle. Since these motors are attached to the suspension, a large vertical suspension reaction force is generated during driving. Based on this mechanism, this paper describes the development of a method for independently controlling roll and pitch as well as yaw using driving force distribution control at each wheel. It also details the theoretical calculation of a method for decoupling the dynamic motions. Finally, it describes the application of these 3D dynamic motion control methods to a test vehicle and the confirmation of the performance improvement.     

整车多轮动载作用下沥青路面动力响应

车辆荷载作用下沥青路面各结构层受力复杂，现行公路沥青路面设计规范未能考虑车辆振动特性和橡胶轮胎非线性。为研究整车多轮动载作用下沥青路面动力响应，基于车辆动力学、橡胶材料超弹性及沥青路面黏弹性理论，构建整车-橡胶轮胎-沥青路面三维有限元模型，与实际车-路现场测量比较验证本模型的可靠性，对比分析无路面不平度与B级路面不平度激励下，路面各结构层动力响应。结果表明：通过与实际车-路测量结果比较，沥青层底部纵向最大剪应变与实测值误差为5.889%，表明该车-路动力学模型可靠、合理；B级路面不平度激励下，后轴左单轮接地法向力为0~86.526 kN，车体法向振动加速度为-0.451~0.372 m·s^-2，后轴左悬架弹力为60.376~68.42 kN；与无路面不平度相比，后轴左单轮最大接地法向力、车体最大法向加速度、后轴左悬架最大弹力分别增加113%、402.7%、7.4%；与无路面不平度相比，沥青路面上、中、下面层纵向最大压应力分别增加18.91%、12.4%、21.1%，纵向最大拉应力分别增加3.94%、6.25%、33.3%；横向最大压应力分别增加10.43%、8.47%、9.19%，横向最大拉应力分别增加12.19%、13.08%、33.33%，且压应力数值远大于拉应力；竖向最大压应力分别增加19.1%、19.35%、20.07%，竖向最大拉应力分别增加26.93%、7.38%、6.2%，且前轮压应力大于中、后轮压应力。以上数据说明路面不平度对结构层响应影响较大，车辆振动特性及橡胶轮胎与路面非线性接触不容忽略。     

Flow-field guided steering control for rigid autonomous ground vehicles in low-speed manoeuvring

ABSTRACT

This paper studies the low-speed manoeuvring problem for autono-mous ground vehicles operating in complex static environments. Making use of the intrinsic property of a fluid to naturally find its way to an outflow destination, a novel guidance method is proposed. In this approach, a reference flow field is calculated numerically through Computational Fluid Dynamics, based on which both the reference path topology and the steering reference to achieve the path are derived in a single process. Steering control considers three constraints: obstacle and boundary avoidance, rigidity of the vehicle, plus the non-holonomic velocity constraints due to the steering system. The influences of the parameters used during the flow field simulation and the control algorithm are discussed through numerical cases. A divergency field is defined to evaluate the quality of the flow field in guiding the vehicle. This is used to identify any problematic branching features of the flow, and control is adapted in the neighbourhood of such branching features to resolve possible ambiguities in the control reference. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in finding smooth and feasible motion paths, even in complex environments.     

地下交通转换平台射流通风特性及风流组织方式研究

为探究地下交通转换平台内通风系统的合理布局，采用比尺模型试验和CFD模拟相结合的方法，研究射流风机和通风组织对地下交通转换平台内气流运动的影响。结果表明： 1）当联络通道内风机射流朝向敞开段时，为使风机升压系数Kj最大，630 mm、900 mm、1 120 mm射流风机的布设位置应距离敞开段分别大于40、50、65 m； 2）大口径射流风机具有更大的Kj，但占用的断面空间更大，且射流诱导段更长，应根据联络通道长度和高度合理选择射流风机口径； 3）地下交通转换平台的通风组织不宜采用同侧开启方式，采用对角抽吸方式时，联络通道内的污染物混入比最低、通风效率最高。     

Understanding the limitations of different vehicle models for roll dynamics studies

An accurate and realistic vehicle model is essential for the development of effective vehicle control systems. Many different vehicle models have been developed for use in various vehicle control systems. The complexity of these models and the assumptions made in their development depend on their application. This article looks into the development and validity of vehicle models for prediction of roll behavior and their suitability for application in roll control systems. A 14 DOF vehicle model that includes dynamics of roll center and nonlinear effects due to vehicle geometry changes is developed. The limitations, validity of simplified equations, and various modeling assumptions are discussed by analyzing their effect on the model roll responses in various vehicle maneuvers. A formulation of the popular 8 DOF vehicle model that gives good correlation with the 14 DOF model is presented. The possible limitations of the 14 DOF model compared with an actual vehicle are also discussed.     

Assessment of the volume of fluid method for free-surface wave flow

This study was concerned with the free-surface wave flow around a surface-piercing foil. The volume of fluid method implemented in a Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics code was employed. Three widely used discretization schemes for the volume of fluid method were assessed for a test case that involved general ship waves, spilling breaking waves in front of the leading edge, and bubbly free surfaces in separated regions. A single computational approach was selected for the comparison, and a grid-dependence study was carried out. The computational results were validated against existing experimental data, showing good agreement. The validation results suggest that all three discretization schemes perform well, but the best and most efficient results were obtained using the high-resolution interface capturing scheme.